On the determinants and consequences of punishment goals : power, distrust, and rule compliance

This dissertation focuses on the determinants and consequences of leaders’ punishment goals. I investigate how and why leaders rely on certain punishment goals, and how and why leaders’ reliance on such punishment goals affects punishment effectiveness. Specifically, in this dissertation I demonstrate that—with increasing power over others—leaders rely more on punishment goals that are suboptimal in promoting rule compliance. I demonstrate that power fosters a distrustful mindset towards people, which increases reliance on deterrence—but not just deserts as a punishment goal. Using deterrence—as opposed to just deserts—as a justification for punishments, in turn, decreases people’s willingness to comply with rules because people feel distrusted by the leader. Finally, leaders' reliance on suboptimal punishment goals can be explained by their motivation to maintain power over others. Although power may thus increase leaders’ reliance on punishments to deter rule-breaking behavior, paradoxically, this may at times decrease the effectiveness of the punishment.  NWOPsycholog

Bacteriophages in bathing wàters: A feasibility study on the development of a method based on bacteriophages for the determination of microbiological quality of bathing waters

Projecte: Project report. BCR Information. EU project KINA19506ENC_001. EUROPEAN COMMISSION. Community Research. DG XII/C - Competitive and Sustainable Growth Programme. Published by EU Directorate General ΧΠ - Science, Research and Development ISBN 92-828-9145-3Informe final projecte europeu aigües de bany i bacteriòfagsMethods for the detection and enumeration of somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis had been standardised and validated. Conditions for the preparation, transport and distribution of bacteriophage reference materials and preservation of samples had been defined. A method based on flocculation with Mg(OH2) with concentration efficiencies from about 40% was settled to concentrate phages from bathing waters. All methods were successfully implemented in routine laboratories all around the EU. Data on the occurrence of bacteriophages as compared to E. coli and Enterococci are available from diverse situations encountered in the EU. Results allow to conclude that the potential of phages for the determination of the microbiological quality of bathing waters merits to be considered since their determination is feasible and their behaviour in natural water differs from the behaviour of bacterial indicators and consequently they add valuable information

The impact of social power on the evaluation of offensive jokes

Social decision makin

Breakpoint mapping of 13 large parkin deletions/duplications reveals an exon 4 deletion and an exon 7 duplication as founder mutations

Early-onset Parkinson’s disease (EOPD) has been associated with recessive mutations in parkin (PARK2). About half of the mutations found in parkin are genomic rearrangements, i.e., large deletions or duplications. Although many different rearrangements have been found in parkin before, the exact breakpoints involving these rearrangements are rarely mapped. In the present study, the exact breakpoints of 13 different parkin deletions/duplications, detected in 13 patients out of a total screened sample of 116 EOPD patients using Multiple Ligation Probe Amplification (MLPA) analysis, were mapped using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), long-range PCR and sequence analysis. Deletion/duplication-specific PCR tests were developed as a rapid and low cost tool to confirm MLPA results and to test family members or patients with similar parkin deletions/duplications. Besides several different deletions, an exon 3 deletion, an exon 4 deletion and an exon 7 duplication were found in multiple families. Haplotype analysis in four families showed that a common haplotype of 1.2 Mb could be distinguished for the exon 7 duplication and a common haplotype of 6.3 Mb for the deletion of exon 4. These findings suggest common founder effects for distinct large rearrangements in parkin

Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response

The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behavior with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and also highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months

On the determinants and consequences of punishment goals : power, distrust, and rule compliance

This dissertation focuses on the determinants and consequences of leaders’ punishment goals. I investigate how and why leaders rely on certain punishment goals, and how and why leaders’ reliance on such punishment goals affects punishment effectiveness. Specifically, in this dissertation I demonstrate that—with increasing power over others—leaders rely more on punishment goals that are suboptimal in promoting rule compliance. I demonstrate that power fosters a distrustful mindset towards people, which increases reliance on deterrence—but not just deserts as a punishment goal. Using deterrence—as opposed to just deserts—as a justification for punishments, in turn, decreases people’s willingness to comply with rules because people feel distrusted by the leader. Finally, leaders' reliance on suboptimal punishment goals can be explained by their motivation to maintain power over others. Although power may thus increase leaders’ reliance on punishments to deter rule-breaking behavior, paradoxically, this may at times decrease the effectiveness of the punishment.  </div

C2-functionalized 2-imidazolidines and 2-imidazolines Multicomponent Synthesis and Synthetic Potential

Orru, R.V.A. [Promotor]Groen, M.B. [Promotor]Ruijter, E. [Copromotor

Bereiding en gebruik van referentiematerialen met bacteriofagen

Tijdens het EU-project 'Bacteriofagen in zwemwater' (januari 1996 - juni 1999) werd onderzoek uitgevoerd naar de ontwikkeling van referentie materialen voor de implementatie van methoden voor de bepaling van bacteriofagen in water. Verschillende partijen referentie materialen (RMs) met reincultures van fagen, alsmede ook natuurlijk besmette standaard monsters met mengsels van (natuurlijk voorkomende) fagen en achtergrond flora, werden bereid. Voor alle drie de typen bacteriofagen welke tijdens dit project van belang waren, werden homogene en stabiele referentie materialen met reincultures van fagen bereid: somatische colifagen (SOMCPH), F-specifieke RNA fagen (FRNAPH; welke het verschil is tussen het totaal aantal F-specifieke fagen (FTOTPH) en het aantal F-specifieke DNA fagen (FDNAPH)) en fagen van Bacteroides fragilis (BFRPH). De faag RMs werden bereid door faag suspensies met glycerol te mengen (tot een eindconcentratie van 5% v/v) waarna de materialen bij -70 graden C werden opgeslagen. De gebruikte standaard fagen waren: ?X174 voor SOMCPH, MS2 voor FRNAPH, B40-8 voor BFRPH met gastheer HSP40 en B56-1 voor BFRPH met gastheer RYC2056. De faag RMs hebben hun nut bewezen voor kwaliteitscontrole doeleinden door middel van bereiding van controlekaarten. De natuurlijk besmette standaard monsters werden bereid door rioolwater te mengen met pepton fysiologische zoutoplossing en glycerol. Deze materialen waren echter minder homogeen dan de RMs met faag reincultures. De standaard monsters waren minimaal 4 maanden stabiel bij opslag bij (-70 ong. 10) graden C en 1-2 maanden indien opgeslagen bij (-20 ong. 5) graden C. Bij temperaturen boven 0 graden C was de stabilitiet slecht.During the EU-project 'Bacteriophages in bathing water' (January 1996 - June 1999) research was carried out on the development of reference materials for the implementation of methods for the determination of bacteriophages in water. Several batches of reference materials (RMs) containing pure phage cultures, as well as naturally polluted standard samples, containing a mixture of (naturally occurring) phages and background flora, were prepared. Homogeneous and stable RMs containing pure phage cultures could be prepared for all three types of bacteriophages considered during the project: somatic coliphages (SOMCPH), F-specific RNA phages (FRNAPH; which is the difference between the total number of F-specific phages (FTOTPH) and the number of F-specific DNA phages (FDNAPH)) and phages of Bacteroides fragilis (BFRPH). The RMs were prepared by mixing phage suspensions with glycerol (to a final concentration of 5% v/v) and storing of the final materials at (-70 about 10) degrees C. The standard phages used were ?X174 for SOMCPH, MS2 for FRNAPH, B40-8 for BFRPH with host HSP40 and B56-1 for BFRPH with host RYC 2056. The phage RMs were shown to be useful for quality control purposes in the preparation of control charts. The naturally polluted standard samples were prepared by mixing sewage with peptone saline solution and glycerol. These materials were less homogeneous than the pure culture phage RMs. The standard samples were stable when stored at (-70 about 10) degrees C for at least 4 months and at (-20 about 5) degrees C for a period of 1-2 months. At temperatures above 0 degrees C the stability was poor.DirectieE

MICROCRM: Bereiding en controle van partijen microbiologische referentiematerialen bestaande uit capsules

Ten behoeve van het Europese project 'MICROCRM' werden partijen microbiologische referentiematerialen (RMs) bereid voor het uitvoeren van haalbaarheid certificeringsstudies. De drie partners in het project, Instituut Pasteur (Lille, Fr), Public Health Laboratory Services (Newcastle, UK) en het Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (Bilthoven, NL), produceerden elk partijen van 55n van drie verschillende typen microbiologische RMs (pastilles, lenticules of capsules). Bij het RIVM werden vier partijen capsule RMs bereid, elk met een verschillende stam. Iedere partij werd gecontroleerd op homogeniteit, lange termijn stabiliteit bij opslagtemperatuur (-20 graden C) en korte termijn stabiliteit bij verhoogde temperaturen (5 graden C, 22 graden C, 30 graden C en 36 graden C). De partij RMs met Escherichia coli werd geanalyseerd met 2 verschillende kweekmethoden. De partij RMs met Enterococcus faecium werd geanalyseerd met 4 verschillende kweekmethoden. De partijen RMs met Clostridium perfringens en Pseudomonas aeruginosa werden ieder geanalyseerd met 1 kweekmethode. De partij RMs met P. aeruginosa was weinig stabiel bij opslagtemperatuur (-20 graden C) en er werd besloten om deze partij niet te gebruiken voor de haalbaarheid certificeringsstudies. De kwaliteit van de andere partijen capsule RMs was voldoende om te gebruiken in verdere studies.Batches of microbiological reference materials (RMs) were prepared for performing feasibility certification studies in the European project 'MICROCRM'. Each of the three partners in the project, Institute Pasteur (Lille, Fr), the Public Health Laboratory Services, (Newcastle, UK) and the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (Bilthoven, NL) produced batches of one of three different types of microbiological RMs (pastilles, lenticules or capsules). Four batches of capsule RMs, each containing a different strain, were prepared at the RIVM. Each batch was tested for its homogeneity, long-term stability at storage temperature (-20 degrees C) and short-term stability at elevated temperatures (5 degrees C, 22 degrees C, 30 degrees C, and 36 degrees C). The batch of capsule RMs containing Escherichia coli was analysed using 2 different culture methods. The batch of RMs containing Enterococcus faecium was analysed using 4 different culture methods. Batches of RMs containing Clostridium perfringens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were each analysed using one culture method. The batch of RMs containing P. aeruginosa showed poor stability at storage temperature (-20 degrees C), therefore it was decided not to use this batch for the feasibility certification studies. The quality of the three other batches of capsule RMs was sufficient to warrant use in further studies.RIVME

Detectie en enumeratie van F-specifieke bacteriofagen

Tijdens het EU-project 'Bacteriofagen in zwemwater' (januari 1996 - juni 1999) werd onderzoek uitgevoerd ten behoeve van de optimalisatie van de methode voor de detectie en enumeratie van F-specifieke (RNA) fagen in water. Er werd gekeken of verdere optimalisatie van de procedure zoals beschreven in ISO 10705-1 (Anonymous, 1995) mogelijk en/of nodig was. Het onderzoek was vooral gericht op de optimalisatie van de verschillende stappen bij het kweken van gastheer WG49 Salmonella typhimurium. Geconcludeerd werd dat alle stappen zoals beschreven in ISO 10705-1 nodig zijn en mits zorgvuldig gevolgd, gebruik makend van een cultuur van gastheer WG49 Salmonella typhimurium van goede kwaliteit, betrouwbare resultaten verkregen konden worden voor de enumeratie van F-specifieke (RNA) fagen.During the EU-project 'Bacteriophages in bathing waters' (January 1996 - June 1999) research was carried out to optimise the method for detection and enumeration of F-specific (RNA) phages in water. It was evaluated whether further optimisation would be possible/needed for the procedure as described in ISO 10705-1 (Anonymous, 1995). The work mainly focused on optimisation of the different steps for culturing the host strain WG49 Salmonella typhimurium. It was concluded that all steps described in ISO 10705-1 are necessary and, if followed carefully, using a culture of host strain WG49 Salmonella typhimurium of good quality, reliable results could be obtained for the enumeration of F-specific (RNA) phages.RIVME