The water footprint assessment manual: setting the global standard

This book contains the global standard for \u27water footprint assessment\u27 as developed and maintained by the Water Footprint Network (WFN). It covers a comprehensive set of definitions and methods for water footprint accounting. It shows how water footprints are calculated for individual processes and products, as well as for consumers, nations and businesses. It also includes methods for water footprint sustainability assessment and a library of water footprint response options. A shared standard on definitions and calculation methods is crucial given the rapidly growing interest in companies and governments to use water footprint accounts as a basis for formulating sustainable water strategies and policies

Spatial analysis of discarded needles and dropbox locations in Calgary, Canada

Concomitant with the rise in the number of people who inject drugs has been an increase in unsafely discarded needles and injection debris. While the scholarly literature indicates that harm reduction programs reduce needle debris, the news media often report otherwise. Using geographic information systems (GIS) software ArcGIS Desktop 10.8 (Esri 2020), we analyzed geospatial data pertaining to needle debris in Calgary (Canada), correlating debris with available needle dropboxes, outreach education, overdoses, and changes over the COVID pandemic. Needle debris was most dense in two central neighbourhoods: Beltline and Downtown Commercial Core. The city’s central neighbourhoods contributed to 83% of all needle discards, which accounted for 73% of discrete locations. Additionally, 51% of discarded needles were collected from the Beltline (40%) and Downtown Commercial Core (11%) neighbourhoods, accounting for 85% of clusters and 71% of hotspots. Overdoses were positively correlated with needle debris. COVID-19 pandemic restrictions were linked to a spike in the number of discards. Needle debris is a complex social, environmental and public health issue that requires a multifaceted approach. GIS mapping is a powerful tool that can locate hotspots so that resources can be deployed.Parallèlement à l’augmentation du nombre de personnes qui s’injectent des drogues, il y a eu une augmentation des aiguilles et des débris d’injection mis au rebut de manière non sécuritaire. Alors que la littérature scientifique indique que les programmes de réduction de risques réduisent les débris d’aiguilles, les médias rapportent souvent le contraire. À l’aide du logiciel de système d’information géographique (SIG), nous avons analysé les données géo-spatiales relatives aux débris d’aiguilles à Calgary (Canada), en corrélant les débris avec les boîtes de dépôt d’aiguilles disponibles, programme de sensibilisation et d’éducation, les surdoses et les changements au cours de la pandémie de COVID. Les débris d’aiguilles étaient les plus denses dans deux quartiers centraux : Beltline et Downtown Commercial Core. Les quartiers centraux de la ville ont contribué à 83 % de tous les rejets d’aiguilles, qui représentent 73 % des emplacements discrets. De plus, 51 % des aiguilles jetées ont été recueillies dans les quartiers Beltline (40 %) et les quartiers de Downtown Commercial Core (11 %), représentant 85 % des grappes et 71 % des points chauds. Les surdoses étaient positivement corrélées avec les débris d’aiguilles. Les restrictions liées à la pandémie de COVID-19 étaient liées à une augmentation du nombre de rejets d’aiguilles. Les débris d’aiguilles sont un problème social, environnemental et de santé publique complexe qui nécessite une approche multidimensionnelle. La cartographie SIG est un outil puissant qui peut localiser les points chauds afin que les ressources puissent être déployées

Global gray water footprint and water pollution levels related to anthropogenic nitrogen loads to fresh water

This is the first global assessment of nitrogen-related water pollution in river basins with a specification of the pollution by economic sector, and by crop for the agricultural sector. At a spatial resolution of 5 by 5 arc minute, we estimate anthropogenic nitrogen (N) loads to freshwater, calculate the resultant gray water footprints (GWFs), and relate the GWFs per river basin to runoff to calculate the N-related water pollution level (WPL) per catchment. The accumulated global GWF related to anthropogenic N loads in the period 2002–2010 was 13 × 1012 m3/y. China contributed about 45% to the global total. Three quarters of the GWF related to N loads came from diffuse sources (agriculture), 23% from domestic point sources and 2% from industrial point sources. Among the crops, production of cereals had the largest contribution to the N-related GWF (18%), followed by vegetables (15%) and oil crops (11%). The river basins with WPL > 1 (where the N load exceeds the basin’s assimilation capacity), cover about 17% of the global land area, contribute about 9% of the global river discharge, and provide residence to 48% of the global population

National water footprint accounts: The green, blue and grey water footprint of production and consumption. Volume 2: Appendices

Contents Appendix I. The water footprint of national production (Mm3/yr) Appendix II. Virtual-water flows related to trade in crop, animal and industrial products, per country (Mm3/yr) Appendix III. International virtual-water flows per product category (Mm3/yr) Appendix IV. National water saving related to trade in agricultural and industrial products per country (Mm3/yr) Appendix V. Global water saving related to trade in agricultural and industrial products, per product (Mm3/yr) Appendix VI. The average water footprint per ton of commodity per country, weighted based on origin (WF* in m3/ton) Appendix VII. The water footprint of national consumption per capita, shown by commodity (m3/yr/cap) Appendix VIII. The water footprint of national consumption per capita, shown by major consumption category and by internal and external component (m3/yr/cap) Appendix IX. The total water footprint of national consumption (Mm3/yr) Appendix X. The water footprint of US consumption of agricultural and industrial products, specified per river basin (m3/yr) Appendix XI. The global water footprint of national consumption: maps for selected countrie

The green, blue and grey water footprint of farm animals and animal products. Volume 2: Appendices

Contents Appendix I: Feed conversion efficiencies – in kg of feed (dry mass) per kg of output – per animal category and region Appendix II: Estimated consumption of feed per animal category and world region (103 ton dry mass/yr) Appendix III. Estimated consumption of feed per production system and world region (103 ton dry mass/yr) Appendix IV. Drinking and service water footprint per animal Appendix V. Water footprint of animals and animal products (m3/ton). Period 1996-200

The Need for Research and Innovation to End Tuberculosis Epidemic in Ethiopia

Editorial&nbsp