Costs of Interchange: A Review of the Literature.

Interchange within mode influences the demand for that mode through the effect it has on time spent waiting, time spent transferring between vehicles and the inconvenience and risks involved, whilst interchange between modes has additional implications in terms of information provision, through ticketing and co-ordination. The valuation and behavioural impact of each of these factors will vary with an individual’s socio-economic and trip characteristics as well as with the precise features of the interchange. A reduction in the costs of interchange brought about by an improvement to any of the above factors will lead to increasingly ‘seamless journeys’ and such benefits which must be quantified. Indeed, this issue has been identified as an area of key importance in the Government’s Transport White Paper (DETR, 1998a) which states: Quick and easy interchange is essential to compete with the convenience of car use. This message was reiterated by the draft guidance for Local Transport Plans (DETR, 1998b), which called for: more through-ticketing, better connections and co-ordination of services, wider availability of information and improved waiting facilities. Rather than being perceived simply as a barrier to travel, quality interchange is now also being regarded as an opportunity to create new journey opportunities. A recent report on the subject of interchange (Colin Buchanan and Partners, 1998) claimed that : It will become more sensible and economic to base public transport networks around the concept of interchange rather than the alternative of trying to avoid it. whilst in response to the diffuse travel patterns made possible by increased car availability, CIT (1998) commented: people should readily be able to complete a myriad of journeys by changing services (and modes) if a through facility is not available. Ease of interchange should be something we take for granted. Regardless of the precise direction in which transport policy and public transport provision develop, practical constraints and the fact that the most heavily trafficked routes tend to have through services places limitations on the extent to which the need to interchange can be reduced whilst no matter how fully integrated different modes of transport are the need to transfer between them cannot be removed. In contrast, the need to change would inevitably increase with the adoption of a practice of building networks around interchange to create new journey opportunities. However, there is considerable scope to improve existing interchange situations or to design new ones which impose minimum costs. Although previous empirical research has focused on the need to interchange or not, and this remains important, it is essential that research is also directed at improvements which facilitate interchange.The aims of this study, as set out in the terms of reference, are centred around the demand side response to interchange rather than the technical supply side issues relating to improving interchange and integration which have been covered in other studies (Colin Buchanan and Partners, 1998; CIT, 1998). The objectives are: to explore the extent to which the reality and perception of interchange deters public transport use, absolutely and in relation to other deterrents to investigate how public transport users perceive interchange; how they make choices and trade-offs in travel cost and time and the influence of interchange attributes (e.g. information, through ticketing) on those choices to assess which components of interchange act as the greatest deterrent to travel to investigate the extent to which interchange penalties vary according to journey purpose, distance and time of travel (or other factors)

Van der Waals interactions in DFT made easy by Wannier functions

Ubiquitous Van der Waals interactions between atoms and molecules are important for many molecular and solid structures. These systems are often studied from first principles using the Density Functional Theory (DFT). However, the commonly used DFT functionals fail to capture the essence of Van der Waals effects. Many attempts to correct for this problem have been proposed, which are not completely satisfactory because they are either very complex and computationally expensive or have a basic semiempirical character. We here describe a novel approach, based on the use of the Maximally-Localized Wannier functions, that appears to be promising, being simple, efficient, accurate, and transferable (charge polarization effects are naturally included). The results of test applications are presented.Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

The effect of draw ratio on the mechanical properties and crystalline structure of single polymer polypropylene composites

The properties of self-reinforced single polymer composites produced by the Leeds hot compaction process are highly dependent on the compaction temperature as well as the constituent oriented elements used to produce the compacted sheets. In this paper, the variation in tensile mechanical properties of uniaxial hot compacted sheets manufactured from drawn polypropylene (PP) tapes with change in compaction temperature have been investigated, for a range of different draw ratio tapes. It is shown that there is a measureable difference between the optimum compaction temperatures required for obtaining the highest modulus and strength in the compacted sheets. The compaction temperature required to achieve the maximum tensile modulus was seen to increase with increasing draw ratio. The compaction temperature to obtain the maximum tensile strength was found to be both independent of the draw ratio and a few degrees higher than that for obtaining the maximum modulus. Peak modulus and peak tensile strength was shown to be dependent on the draw ratio of the drawn tape. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements on the compacted sheets were also performed in order to investigate the change in crystalline structure with compaction temperature and draw ratio. This has shown that the changes in structure within the oriented phase (i.e. tapes) during the compaction process itself are directly related to the final properties of the hot compacted sheets

Rotor response for transient unbalance changes in a nonlinear simulation

Transient unbalance shifts were determined not to excite a rotor instability in the high pressure turbomachinery of the Space Shuttle Main Engine using the current rotor dynamic models. Sudden unbalance changes of relatively small magnitudes during fast-speed ramps showed stable nonsynchronous motion depending on the resultant unbalance distribution at subsequent high speed dwells. Transient moment unbalance may initiate a limit cycle subsynchronous response that shortly decays, but a persistent subsynchronous with large amplitudes was never achieved. These limit cycle subsynchronous amplitudes appear to be minimized with lower unbalance magnitudes, which indicates improved rotor balancing would sustain synchronous motion only. The transient unbalance phenomenon was determined to be an explanation for synchronous response shifts often observed during engine tests

The Anglican Eucharist 1900-1967: an historical survey of the theological and liturgical developments during this period with particular reference to the catholic and evangelical wings of the Church of England

An historical survey of the theological and liturgical developments in this field in the Church of England with particular reference to the catholic and evangelical wings of the Church. Theories concerning Eucharistic Sacrifice are considered particularly those of the 'Heavenly Session' school of thought, Spens, Hicks, Mascall, and the conservative evangelicals together with the modifications of Lampe and C.F.D. Moule. Various semi-official doctrinal statements of the Church of England are also noted. Theories of Eucharistic Presence are also presented including those of O.C. Quick and William Temple in addition to those which could be more clearly distinguished as 'catholic' or 'evangelical'; an appendix relates all these theories to the practice of Reservation and Extra-liturgical Devotions. The theology of the Body of Christ, the Church, is considered in relationship to the Eucharist and with this the emerging theology of the laity. The rediscovery of the cosmic significance of the Eucharist is particularly noted in its relationship to current Roman Catholic and Orthodox thought. There is a survey of the Liturgical revision in the Church of England throughout this century with special reference to the question of Reservation, the 1927/8 Prayer Book debates and the emergence of Series II. Reference is made to the Liturgy of the Church of South India and revision throughout the Anglican Communion as a whole. These liturgical revisions are then placed in their background of the European Liturgical movement and the development of the Parish Communion Movement in the Church of England. Finally liturgy and theology are seen in relationship to ecclesiastical architecture, which is shown to have changed considerably to embody the new understanding of the Eucharist as corporate action and the Liturgy which has been designed to translate this into terms of worship

Wood Duck Investigations W-118-R-4-5-6 Final Report

W-118-R-4-5-6 (Final Report); issued November 20, 1998; Study I: Aerial helicopter surveys of breeding wood ducks in bottomland forest.Report issued on: November 20, 1998INHS Technical Report prepared for Illinois Department of Natural Resource

Factors influencing the distribution of charge in polar nanocrystals

We perform first-principles calculations of wurtzite GaAs nanorods to explore the factors determining charge distributions in polar nanostructures. We show that both the direction and magnitude of the dipole moment $\mathbf{d}$ of a nanorod, and its electic field, depend sensitively on how its surfaces are terminated and do not depend strongly on the spontaneous polarization of the underlying lattice. We identify two physical mechanisms by which $\mathbf{d}$ is controlled by the surface termination, and we show that the excess charge on the nanorod ends is not strongly localized. We discuss the implications of these results for tuning nanocrystal properties, and for their growth and assembly.Comment: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. B Rapid Communication