Tutupan Terumbu Karang dan Kelimpahan Ikan Terumbu di Pulau Nyamuk, Karimunjawa

Indonesia merupakan suatu Negara kepulauan dengan berbagai biodiversitas yang melimpah. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui status terumbu karang, kelimpahan ikan terumbu, dan indeks ekologis dari terumbu karang dan ikan terumbu diperairan pulau Nyamuk, Karimunjawa. Pengambilan data terumbu karang dilakukan dengan metode Line Intercept Transect (LIT) dengan panjang 100 m sejajar garis pantai dan ikan terumbu dengan metode visual sensus dengan panjang 100 m sejajar garis pantai. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada 4 site yaitu utara, barat, selatan, dan timur dengan dua kedalaman berbeda yaitu 3 dan 10 meter. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa prosentase tutupan terumbu karang terbesar berada pada site utara dengan prosentase 66,59% di kedalaman 3 meter dan 42,77% pada kedalaman 10 meter, dan untuk kelimpahan ikan terumbu pada site selatan di kedalaman 10 meter dengan jumlah 12400 individu/ha dan 7600 individu/ha pada kedalaman 3 meter. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut disimpulkan bahwa keadaan terumbu karang dan ikan terumbu diperairan pulau Nyamuk, Karimunjawa masih tergolong baik. Kata Kunci : Terumbu karang, Ikan Terumbu, Pulau Nyamu

Performative utterances : their basic and secondary meanings with reference to five English translations of the meanings of the Holy Qur'an.

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DX185015 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

A new methodology called dice game optimizer for capacitor placement in distribution systems

Purpose. Shunt capacitors are installed in power system for compensating reactive power. Therefore, feeder capacity releases, voltage profile improves and power loss reduces. However, determination optimal location and size of capacitors in distributionsystems is a complex optimization problem. In order to determine the optimum size and location of the capacitor, an objective function which is generally defined based on capacitor installation costs and power losses should be minimized According to operational limitations. This paper offers a newly developed metaheuristic technique, named dice game optimizerto determine optimal size and location of capacitors in a distribution network. Dice game optimizer is a game based optimization technique that is based on the rules of the dice game.Цель. Шунтирующие конденсаторы в энергосистеме устанавливаются для компенсации реактивной мощности. Следовательно, снижается емкость фидера, улучшается профиль напряжения и снижаются потери мощности. Однако определение оптимального местоположения и размера конденсаторов в системах распределения является сложной задачей оптимизации. Чтобы определить оптимальный размер и расположение конденсатора, целевую функцию, которая обычно определяется на основе затрат на установку конденсатора и потерь мощности, следует минимизировать в соответствии с эксплуатационными ограничениями. Данная статья предлагает недавно разработанный метаэвристический метод, называемый оптимизатором игры в кости, для определения оптимального размера и расположения конденсаторов в распределительной сети. Оптимизатор игры в кости – это игровой метод оптимизации, основанный на правилах игры в кости

Effect of the Mechanical and Thermal Stresses of Rotating Blades

Rotating blades are the important parts in gas turbines. Hence, an accurate mathematical estimation (F.E.M) of the stresses and deformations characteristics was required in the design applications to avoid failure. In recent years there are researchers interest in the effect of temperature on solid bodies has greatly increased, The main of this study investigated the thermal and rotational effects. So, the thermal stresses due to high pressure and temperature are studies, also determine the steady state stresses and deformations of rotating blades due to mechanical effect. Many parameters such as thickness and centre of rotating are investigated in this paper. The study results can ensure good recommendation for the effect of the mechanical and thermal stresses of rotary blades

Perbandingan Kondisi Terumbu Karang Selama Tiga Tahun Terakhir pada Perairan Taka Malang dan Tanjung Gelam Kep. Karimunjawa

Kepulauan Karimunjawa merupakan gugusan pulau yang memiliki keanekaragaman biota laut yang tinggi khususnya pada ekosistem terumbu karang. Perairan taka malang termasuk perairan yang termasuk zona inti yaitu bagian taman nasional yang mempunyai kondisi alam baik biota dan fisiknya masih asli dan tidak atau diganggu oleh manusia serta mutlak dilindungi sedangkan perairan tanjung gelam merupakan zona pemanfaatan wisata bahari yang letak dan kondisi serta potensi alamnya dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan kegiatan parawisata alam dan jasa lingkungan. Reef Check merupakan protokol monitoring kesehatan terumbu karang yang mengambil indikator substrat ,indikator ikan, dan indikator invertebrata serta dampak untuk menentukan kesehatan terumbu karang. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk pemantauan dengan metode Reef Check selama tiga tahun terakhir dengan membandingkan antara zona inti yang mengambil perairan Taka malang dan zona pemanfaatan parawisata yang mengambil perairan Tanjung gelam di kepulauan Karimunjawa. Hasil dari monitoring yang dilakukan adalah terjadinya fluktuasi di kedalaman 3m pada perairan taka malang dari tahun 2013-2015 masing-masing sebesar (46,8%), (66,8), (58,1%) sedangkan pada perairan Tanjung Gelam kedalaman 3m terjadinya penurunan dari 2013-2015 sebesar (66,8%), (55,6%), (38,1%) Tutupan karang keras pada kedalaman 10m naik setiap tahun dengan nilai (41,8%), (63,1%), (64,3%) pada Perairan Taka Malang dan (38,7%), (43,1%), (54,3%) pada Perairan Tanjung Gelam. Perlunya pengelolahan dan pengawasan terhadap zona inti dan zona pemanfaatan parawisata diperlukan agar kondisi terumbu karang tetap terjaga dengan baik. Kata Kunci : Karimunjawa, Taka Malang, Tanjung Gelam, Reef Check

Development of an epidemiological index for primary anterior teeth affected by erosion and prevalence of dental erosion in pre-school Saudi children

Erosion affects both dentitions but has proved difficult to measure. It has been thought to affect children who are less susceptible to caries but previous studies have been confined to countries where caries prevalence is low. The aims of this study were first, to develop and then investigate the validity of an index to measure erosion in primary teeth. Secondly, to determine the prevalence of erosion in primary incisors amongst kindergarten children in Jeddah and its relationship to caries in the same children. Thirdly, to investigate determinants of erosion and caries in the sample. A sample of 41 exfoliated and extracted primary anterior teeth were scored visually and photographically and scores related to appearance on section. Erosion, caries and rampant caries were then measured in a sample of 987 children. The survey included a questionnaire to parents. Scores used in the index through visual inspection and photographs were related consistently to appearance of lost enamel on section. Sensitivity was 0.94 and specificity was 1.0. Kappa values for repeat assessments all exceeded 0.77. Thirty one percent of the children in the survey had evidence of erosion on clinical examination. For 186 this was confined to enamel but for 123 it involved dentine and/or pulp. Amongst the 727 who had readable photographs, 30% had erosion on photographic and 36% on clinical examination. Agreement was seen between the two methods for 93% of the surfaces included. Caries affected 720 (73%) of the children and rampant caries 336 (34%). More children with caries, (excluding rampant caries), had erosion (36%) than children who were caries free (27%). Vitamin C supplements, frequent use of carbonated drinks and the consumption of fruit syrup from a feeding bottle at bed/nap time as a baby were all related to erosion. These drinks were also related to caries but were part of a larger number of significant factors including socio-demographic measures and oral hygiene practices

Anatomical Studies of Medicinal Plant Fumaria densiflora in Iraq

The anatomical characters of the leaf, stem and fruits of Fumaria densiflora of Papaveraceae family were studied by scanning electron and light microscopy. The results showed that the wall cells of adaxial and abaxial epidermis was thick with straight- sinuate anticlinal cell walls. Both surface have stomatal types of anomocytic, anisocytic and hemiparacytic. Leaf mesophyll consists of 1- 2 layers of palisade cells under the superior epidermis thickness rang 121.44 um and 3 or 6 layers of spongy tissue under the palisade layer. Cross sections of stems are pentagonal- shaped in outline and having five prominent angles.Fumaria fruits are tetragonal in shaped (fruit ribs are four). The external area included 2-4 layers of chlorenchyma cells as well as several layers of hypodermal collenchyma cells were recognized below the epidermis. Laticifer tubes could be seen in the sclerenchymatous sheath of the vascular bundles, the fruit wall, placenta and internal parenchyma layers. Keywords: Papaveraceae, Fumaria densiflora, leaves, stem, fruits

ALPHA EMITTERS RADIOACTIVITY CONCENTRATIONS IN SOME COSMETICS USED IN IRAQ USING LR-115 DETECTOR

Cosmetics play an important role of human external appearance, its products used to alter or enhance the facial appearance or the body and skincare, currently worldwide consumed with frequently use increasing the human body exposure to the various chemical elements including radioactive substances. This research aimed to measure the concentrations of alpha emitters, and the annual effective dose AED resulting from radon intake. LR-115 track detector used to measure radon, and radium concentrations in 20 cosmetics samples selected from markets. In this work the concentrations of radon in the samples found to vary from 9.876 to 30.97 Bq/m3 with 22.11 Bq/m3 a mean value, this mean value is a very small than 100 Bq/m3 the reference level limits of the World Health Organization (WHO). The annual radon effective dose varied between 0.249–0.781 mSv/y which is within the range of 0.2-10 mSv/y (UNSCEAR). Radium contents vary between 0.041–0.249 Bq/Kg with 0.115 Bq/Kg as a mean value. This work identified law measured concentrations of radionuclide present in cosmetics showed its safe for us

DIFFERENCES OF CORAL REEF AND CORAL COMMUNITY FISH ABUNDANCE CONDITION BASED ON ZONING OF BENGKOANG ISLAND, KARIMUNJAWA

Bengkoang Island is an unpopulated island in the northern region of the archipelago. The island is divided into 2 zones, Marine Protection Zone and Marine Tourism Utilization Zone, based on the zoning and management plan of the Karimunjawa National Park, Central Java. This research is aimed to observe the condition of the coral reef and coral community fish abundance in Bengkoang Island based on the zoning. There were 2 stations to represent each of the zones at depths of 5 and 10 meters. Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method was used along 100 meters to data the reef substrate and Visual Census method with Belt Transect was used to data the coral community fish. The result showed that the coral cover was the highest in Station 1 at 5 m which was located in the Marine Protection Zone with 80,31%, while the lowest was found in Station 2 at 10 m which was located in the Marine Tourism Utilization Zone with 18,81%. Meanwhile, the coral community fish abudance was the highest in Station 1 at 10 m with 15.600 individual/ha and lowest in Station 2 at 10 m with 4.280 individual/ha. Based on the result, it can be said that the condition of the coral reef ecosystem in Bengkoang Island varies with a high margin between the data stations. The result indicated that the coral reef ecosystem in the Marine Protection Zone was in a better condition than in the Marine Toursim Utilization Zone.DIFFERENCES OF CORAL REEF AND CORAL COMMUNITY FISH ABUNDANCE CONDITION BASED ON ZONING OF BENGKOANG ISLAND, KARIMUNJAWAABSTRACTBengkoang Island is an unpopulated island in the northern region of the archipelago. The island is divided into 2 zones, Marine Protection Zone and Marine Tourism Utilization Zone, based on the zoning and management plan of the Karimunjawa National Park, Central Java. This research is aimed to observe the condition of the coral reef and coral community fish abundance in Bengkoang Island based on the zoning. There were 2 stations to represent each of the zones at depths of 5 and 10 meters. Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method was used along 100 meters to data the reef substrate and Visual Census method with Belt Transect was used to data the coral community fish. The result showed that the coral cover was the highest in Station 1 at 5 m which was located in the Marine Protection Zone with 80,31%, while the lowest was found in Station 2 at 10 m which was located in the Marine Tourism Utilization Zone with 18,81%. Meanwhile, the coral community fish abudance was the highest in Station 1 at 10 m with 15.600 individual/ha and lowest in Station 2 at 10 m with 4.280 individual/ha. Based on the result, it can be said that the condition of the coral reef ecosystem in Bengkoang Island varies with a high margin between the data stations. The result indicated that the coral reef ecosystem in the Marine Protection Zone was in a better condition than in the Marine Toursim Utilization Zone. Key Words: Karimunjawa, Bengkoang Island, Zoning, Coral Reef, Coral Fis