Determination of the strong vertices of doubly heavy baryons with pseudoscalar mesons in QCD

The strong coupling constant of doubly heavy baryons with light pseudoscalar mesons $\pi$ and $K$ are computed within the light cone sum rules. We take into account two-particle and three-particle distribution amplitudes of the said pseudoscalar mesons. We compare our result with the one existing in the literature

Explaining Reinforcement Learning with Shapley Values

For reinforcement learning systems to be widely adopted, their users must understand and trust them. We present a theoretical analysis of explaining reinforcement learning using Shapley values, following a principled approach from game theory for identifying the contribution of individual players to the outcome of a cooperative game. We call this general framework Shapley Values for Explaining Reinforcement Learning (SVERL). Our analysis exposes the limitations of earlier uses of Shapley values in reinforcement learning. We then develop an approach that uses Shapley values to explain agent performance. In a variety of domains, SVERL produces meaningful explanations that match and supplement human intuition

Gigantic peripheral osteoma of the mandible: a case report

Osteomas are osteogenic lesions that have a limited growth potential. They are comprised of histologically and radiographically normal bone. Osteomas are categorized as central, peripheral or extraskeletal according to location. Clinically, peripheral osteomas (PO) are unilateral, sessile or pedunculated and have mushroom-like lesions ranging from 10 to 40 mm in diameter. Osteomas affecting the mandible are rare. In this report, we presented a gigantic peripheral mass on the left mandible in a 55-year old patient exhibiting clinical signs related to neoplasia

Some morphological features related to mandibular third molar impaction

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of some morphological features of the mandible and mandibular permanent molars on impaction of mandibular third molars with panoramic measurements in a Turkish patient group. Study design: Standardized panoramic radiography variables compiled from 140 patients retrospectively were eva- luated. Predictive variables included mesio-distal crown width and inclination of the mandibular molars, vertical and horizontal surface dimension between distal surface of the lower second molar tooth and anterior surface of its ramus, length and width of the mandible ramus and corpus, angle of the mandible gonion, the number of the lower third molar roots, and angulations of roots of the lower third molars. Results and Conclusions: According to the data obtained in this study, the vertical height of the anterior border of the ramus, length of the posterior basal corpus, mesio-distal diameters of the first, second and the third molars, 1/3 root angle of the third molar, number of third molar roots, inclination of the first molar to increase, vertical height of the posterior border of the ramus, vertical height of alveolar crest, and height and the width of the retro-molar space to decrease are all in direct proportion to the possibility of impaction of the third molar

Eski eserlerin sürdürülebilir periyodik bakımında mobilize muayene ve bakım-onarım ve denetim sisteminin kurulması

Eski Eserlerin Sürdürülebilir Periyodik Bakımında Mobilize Muayene, , Bakım – Onarım ve Denetim Sisteminin Kurulması' tezinin ilk kısmında Türkiye'deki mevcut koruma mevzuatı, kurumlar ve mali olanaklar ele alınmış ve uluslararası koruma İlkeleri açısından Türkiye'deki koruma sistemi sorgulanmıştır. Önerilecek koruma modeline ışık tutması düşüncesiyle Dünyanın farklı bölgelerindeki eski eser koruma mevzuatları ve uygulamaları, farklı kıtalardaki ülke örneklemeleriyle ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Aktif, hareketli koruma modelinin kurulması gerektiği fikrine destek olarak İstanbul Üst Bölge örneğinde 2003-2017 yılları arasında yapılan restorasyonlar ve onarımların sayısal değerleri tespit edilmiş, İstanbul'daki toplam eski eser sayısı ile yüzdelik olarak mukayese edilmiştir. İstanbul Tarihi Yarımada örneğindeki uygulamalar pilot bölge olarak seçilmiş olup, türbe, tekke ve çeşmelerden oluşan anıt eserler ve Zeyrek'teki sivil mimari örnekleri incelenmiştir. Söz konusu tarihi eserlerde öncelikle 2009 yılında yapılan onarımlar ve müdahaleler ifade edilmiş, 2015 ve 2016 yılında çekilen fotoğraflar ve tespitlerle geçen süredeki tahribat ve deformasyonlar belgelenmiştir. Taşınmaz kültür varlıklarının farklı bir sistemle korunması gerektiğine dair somut örnekler ve problemler ortaya konduktan sonra aktif/mobilize koruma modeli önerisinin çalışma alanları ve etapları tanımlamış, merkezdeki lojistik destek birimleri ayrıntılı bir şekilde ifade edilmiştir. Önerilen hareketli sistemin personel ve ekipman açısından oluşumu şemalarla ifade edilmiştir. Eski eserlerde önerilen yeni koruma modelinin müdahale edebileceği durumlar ve bakım onarımlar ise, taş yüzeyler, ahşap aksam, çatı örtüleri, tesisat, peyzaj ve çevre düzenlemeleri olarak sınıflandırılmış ve ayrıntılı bir şekilde anlatılmıştır. Türkiye'de koruma konusunda mevcut sistemle önerilen yeni modelin entegrasyonunun nasıl sağlanacağı konusunda fikirler geliştirilmiş ve şemalarla ifade edilmiştir. Öneriler bölümünde, yeni koruma modelinin yönetim hiyerarşisindeki yeri; Bakanlık, Vakıflar İdaresi, yerel yönetimler ve valilikler olmak üzere ayrı ayrı şemalarla gösterilmiştir. Yasal dayanağın oluşturulmasına yönelik olarak 5226 sayılı Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıkları Koruma Yasasında ek madde, çalışma yönetmeliği ve Koruma Yüksek Kurulu ilke kararı örneği önerilmiştir. Aktif/mobilize koruma modelinin finansal boyutu kaleme alınmış ve özel bütçeli bir idare olması öngörülmüştür. Son kısımda tüm tez çalışmasının ışığı altında genel bir değerlendirme yapılmış ve sonuçlar ortaya konmuştur.In the first part of the thesis entitled "Establishment of Mobilization Inspection, Maintenance and Repair System in the Sustainable Preservation of Antiquities", the existing protection legislation, institutions and financial facilities in Turkey were discussed and the protection system in Turkey was questioned in terms of international protection principles. In anticipation of shedding light on the proposed model of protection, ancient monuments protection legislation and practices in different parts of the world have been put forward with examples of countries in different continents. In order to support the idea that the Active Protection model should be established, the numerical values of the restorations in the last 10 years were determined and compared with the total number of antiquities in Istanbul. Applications in the Istanbul Historical Peninsula were selected as the pilot region, monumental works composed of tombs, tekkes and fountains and examples of civil architecture in Zeyrek were examined. In the mentioned historical works, primarily the repairs and interventions made in 2009 were expressed, and the photographs and fixtures taken in 2015 and 2016, documented the damage and deformation in the past. After the concrete examples and problems that the immovable cultural assets should be protected by a different system, the working areas and stages of the proposal of the Active / Movable protection model are defined and the logistical support units in the center are expressed in detail. The formation of the proposed mobile system in terms of personnel and equipment has been expressed in schematics. Conditions and maintenance repairs that can be interfered by the new protection model proposed in the ancient monuments are classified and detailed in stone surfaces, wooden parts, roof covers, installation, landscaping and environmental regulations. Ideas on how to integrate the proposed new model with the current system of protection in Turkey have been developed and expressed in schematics. In the Recommendations section, the location of the new protection model in the management hierarchy has been shown in separate schedules, including the Ministry, the Administration of Foundations and the local governments. For the purpose of establishing a legal basis, additional article, working regulation and the Supreme Council for Protection of the Presence of the Cultural and Natural Heritage Protection Law 5226 are proposed. In addition, the financial dimension of the protection model has been superseded and specially budgeted. In the conclusion part, a general evaluation was made under the light of the whole thesis study

Effects of Standard and/or Glutamine Dipeptide and/or Omega-3 Fatty Ascid-Supplemented Parenteral Nutrition on Neutrophil Functions, Interleukin-8 Level and Length of Stay-A Double Blind,Controlled, Randomised Study

Background and Aims: Protein calorie malnutrition for cancer patients is  related with altered cellular and humoral immunity. Standard TPN and glutamine and lipid emulsion with omega 3 fatty acids were given to  colorectal cancer patients and the effects of these to neutrophil functions and IL-8 levels are compared.Methods: Consecutive 36 patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed with endoscopic biopsy and with malnutrition determined by subjective global assessment were enrolled to study. The patients are randomly divided into four groups. Standard TPN to control group, TPN with glutamine solution to S-D group, TPN with omega 3 fatty acid solution to S-O group and TPN with omega 3 fatty acids solution and glutamine to S-D-O group were given for seven days after the operation. At the preoperative, postoperative first day and 7th day, neutrophil phagocytosis index, neutrophil adhesivity index and IL-8 levels were determined.Results: In all groups compared to control group neutrophil phagocytosis index were increased significantly (p<0.05). The most increasing was in group 3. There wasn’t significant difference between groups about  postoperative first day neutrophil adhesiveness index (p>0.05). At the 7th day the neutrophil adhesivity index for study groups were increased  compared with control group, but there was no significant differences  between groups. There was no significant difference between groups forIL-8 levels.Conclusions: As a result of the study, altered cellular immunity in colorectal cancer patients with malnutrition can be corrected with omega 3 fatty acid emulsions and glutamine added to TPN so the ratio of morbidity and  mortality can be decrease

Bound States of Non-Hermitian Quantum Field Theories

The spectrum of the Hermitian Hamiltonian ${1\over2}p^2+{1\over2}m^2x^2+gx^4$ ($g>0$), which describes the quantum anharmonic oscillator, is real and positive. The non-Hermitian quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian $H={1\over2}p^2+{1 \over2}m^2x^2-gx^4$, where the coupling constant $g$ is real and positive, is ${\cal PT}$-symmetric. As a consequence, the spectrum of $H$ is known to be real and positive as well. Here, it is shown that there is a significant difference between these two theories: When $g$ is sufficiently small, the latter Hamiltonian exhibits a two-particle bound state while the former does not. The bound state persists in the corresponding non-Hermitian ${\cal PT}$-symmetric $-g\phi^4$ quantum field theory for all dimensions $0\leq D<3$ but is not present in the conventional Hermitian $g\phi^4$ field theory.Comment: 14 pages, 3figure