High temperature RF SQUIDs for biomedical applications

The authors have been investigating the feasibility of radio-frequency RF, low-noise superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers and gradiometers operating in liquid nitrogen at 77 K. Using flux-focusing structures fabricated from epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7-x films, they have attained a magnetic field resolution for a magnetometer of better than 200 fT Hz-1/2 at less than 1 Hz, i.e. over the low signal-frequency range important for biomedical diagnostics. At 77 K, this magnetometer recorded diagnostically useful heart signals, voluntary eye-blink signals and also the first evoked response of a human brain. These and similar results were obtained in a magnetically shielded room. The authors were also able to record heart signals in the absence of any shielding when using a first-order gradiometer. An improvement in the magnetic field resolution of the magnetometers and gradiometers by, at least, another order of magnitude is possible and probable