The functional organization of area V2, I: Specialization across stripes and layers

We used qualitative tests to assess the sensitivity of 1043 V2 neurons (predominantly multiunits) in anesthetised macaque monkeys to direction, length. orientation. and color of moving bar stimuli. Spectral sensitivity was additionally tested by noting ON or OFF responses to flashed stimuli of varied size and color. The location of 649 units was identified with respect to cycles of cytochrome oxidase stripes (thick-inter-thin-inter) and cortical layer. We used an initial 8-way stripe classification (4 stripes. and 4 "marginal" zones at interstripes boundaries), and a 9-way layer classification (5 standard layers (2-6), and 4 "marginal" Strata at layer boundaries). These classes were collapsed differently for particular analyses of functional distribution:. the main stripe-by-layer analysis was performed on 18 compartments (3 stripes X 6 layers), We found direction sensitivity only within thick stripes, orientation sensitivity mainly in thick stripes and interstripes. and spectral sensitivity mainly in thin stripes. Positive length summation was relatively more frequent in thick stripes and interstripes. and negative length/size summation in thin stripes. All these "majority" characteristics of stripes were most prominent in layers 3A and 3B. By contrast, "minority" characteristics (e.g. spectral sensitivity in thick stripes positive size summation in thin stripes) tended to be most frequent in the outer layers, that is, layers 2 and 6. In consequence, going by the four functions tested, the distinctions between stripes were maximal in layer 3, moderate in layer 2, and minimal in layer 6. Pooling all layers, there was some indication of asymmetry in the stripe cycle, in that thin stripe characteristics (spectral sensitivity, orientation insensitivity, and negative size summation) were also evident in the marginal zone and interstripe immediately lateral to a thin stripe, but less so medially. Within thin stripes, spectral and orientation selectivities were negatively correlated this was still more accentuated amongst the minority spectrally tuned cells of thick stripes. but absent from interstripes, where these two properties were randomly assorted. Directional and spectral sensitivities were each coupled to negative size summation. but not to each other. We conclude that these functional characteristics of stripes are consistent with segregated. specialized pathways ascending through their middle layers, whilst the outer layers. 1, 2, and 6, utilize feedback from higher areas to adopt a more integrative role

Non-binding relationship between visual features.

The answer as to how visual attributes processed in different brain loci at different speeds are bound together to give us our unitary experience of the visual world remains unknown. In this study we investigated whether bound representations arise, as commonly assumed, through physiological interactions between cells in the visual areas. In a focal attentional task in which correct responses from either bound or unbound representations were possible, participants discriminated the color or orientation of briefly presented single bars. On the assumption that representations of the two attributes are bound, the accuracy of reporting the color and orientation should co-vary. By contrast, if the attributes are not mandatorily bound, the accuracy of reporting the two attributes should be independent. The results of our psychophysical studies reported here supported the latter, non-binding, relationship between visual features, suggesting that binding does not necessarily occur even under focal attention. We propose a task-contingent binding mechanism, postulating that binding occurs at late, post-perceptual (PP), stages through the intervention of memory

An Aggregated Information Technology Checklist for Operational Risk Management

This study addresses the issue of the Information Technology (IT) Governance frameworks and standards that respond to different levels of operational risks, especially those caused by the information systems and technology infrastructure. A requirement analysis regarding Basel II is conducted, a gap analysis between the Information Control Models (ICMs) is performed, and the aggregated IT checklist for Operational Risk Management (ORM) is proposed by mapping the control objectives in ICMs to the operational risk categories described in Basel II as loss event types. The validity and reliability of the study is based on the focus group assessment of the mappingsBasel II, Operational Risk Management, Information Control Model, Information Technology Governance.