Los modelos pedagógicos centrados en el estudiante: apuntes sobre los procesos de aprendizaje y enseñanza

En el año 2006, se llevó a cabo un estudio acerca de la pertinencia del Modelo Pedagógico como motor de la renovación metodológica de la UNED. Este estudio concluyo, en términos generales, que existía una brecha entre los ideales propuestos en el documento y la visión que los académicos tienen tanto de la problemática que enfrentan en sus labores cotidianas como del papel que podría desempeñar en ellas un modelo como el expuesto. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que, mientras los docentes tienden a buscar un conjunto de normas e indicaciones precisas —principalmente de tipo operacional—, el texto consiste más bien en un conjunto de lineamientos que expresan un ideal educativo, un horizonte pedagógico dinámico en permanente construcción en un marco de cooperación mutua. Este trabajo, entonces, representa un intento por ofrecer elementos de juicio que resulten útiles en tal proceso de construcción. Sobre todo, esperamos que contribuya a la reflexión acerca de sus puntos medulares, con la finalidad de construir una base para la renovación continua, consensuada y autocrítica de las estrategias educativas de la UNED. Con el espíritu de coadyuvar en la construcción de “una propuesta cuyo eje sea la formación auto dirigida, de manera que se favorezca ante todo la autonomía para gestionar el propio proceso de formación, para aprender, investigar y generar conocimiento situado en el propio contexto social”; los integrantes del PROIFED presentamos a la comunidad universitaria los apuntes que siguen como un complemento a los lineamientos bosquejados en el Modelo Pedagógico de la UNED. Esta iniciativa obedece, por una parte a la convicción de que nuestro quehacer académico debe ser constantemente objeto de enriquecimiento, y, por otra, a la percepción de una necesidad muy específica generada por la realización de la propuesta expuesta en el Modelo.Con el espíritu de coadyuvar en la construcción de “una propuesta cuyo eje sea la formación auto dirigida, de manera que se favorezca ante todo la autonomía para gestionar el propio proceso de formación, para aprender, investigar y generar conocimiento situado en el propio contexto social”; los integrantes del PROIFED presentamos a la comunidad universitaria los apuntes que siguen como un complemento a los lineamientos bosquejados en el Modelo Pedagógico de la UNED. Esta iniciativa obedece, por una parte a la convicción de que nuestro quehacer académico debe ser constantemente objeto de enriquecimiento, y, por otra, a la percepción de una necesidad muy específica generada por la realización de la propuesta expuesta en el Modelo

Physical characterization of sunflower seeds dehydrated by using electromagnetic induction and low-pressure system

Drying is a widely used food preservation process in which water removal minimizes much of the moisture that causes deterioration reactions that impact the bioproduct quality. The objects of studying are high oleic sunflower seeds which are recognized as a worldwide source of edible oil; consequently, they have significant importance on health and food security. This work presents part of the results of a systematic study to compare the affectations on the several physical parameters of sunflower seeds and kernels with the Thermo-Solar Dehydration method (TSD) compared to Dehydration with Electromagnetic Induction at Low Pressures (DEMILP), finding that the in the last one the time to reach the 8% of the total moisture content was 2.5 times shorter, interesting physical effects and an increment of 5% in the volumetric expansion coefficient, reflected in a reduction of the cut resistance (Dehull) of 0.5KgF significant advantages for the food drying industry

Diversity of HLA Class I and Class II blocks and conserved extended haplotypes in Lacandon Mayans.

Here we studied HLA blocks and haplotypes in a group of 218 Lacandon Maya Native American using a high-resolution next generation sequencing (NGS) method. We assessed the genetic diversity of HLA class I and class II in this population, and determined the most probable ancestry of Lacandon Maya HLA class I and class II haplotypes. Importantly, this Native American group showed a high degree of both HLA homozygosity and linkage disequilibrium across the HLA region and also lower class II HLA allelic diversity than most previously reported populations (including other Native American groups). Distinctive alleles present in the Lacandon population include HLA-A*24:14 and HLA-B*40:08. Furthermore, in Lacandons we observed a high frequency of haplotypes containing the allele HLA-DRB1*04:11, a relatively frequent allele in comparison with other neighboring indigenous groups. The specific demographic history of the Lacandon population including inbreeding, as well as pathogen selection, may have elevated the frequencies of a small number of HLA class II alleles and DNA blocks. To assess the possible role of different selective pressures in determining Native American HLA diversity, we evaluated the relationship between genetic diversity at HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 and pathogen richness for a global dataset and for Native American populations alone. In keeping with previous studies of such relationships we included distance from Africa as a covariate. After correction for multiple comparisons we did not find any significant relationship between pathogen diversity and HLA genetic diversity (as measured by polymorphism information content) in either our global dataset or the Native American subset of the dataset. We found the expected negative relationship between genetic diversity and distance from Africa in the global dataset, but no relationship between HLA genetic diversity and distance from Africa when Native American populations were considered alone

Native American ancestry significantly contributes to neuromyelitis optica susceptibility in the admixed Mexican population

Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is an autoimmune disease with a higher prevalence in non-European populations. Because the Mexican population resulted from the admixture between mainly Native American and European populations, we used genome-wide microarray, HLA high-resolution typing and AQP4 gene sequencing data to analyze genetic ancestry and to seek genetic variants conferring NMO susceptibility in admixed Mexican patients. A total of 164 Mexican NMO patients and 1,208 controls were included. On average, NMO patients had a higher proportion of Native American ancestry than controls (68.1% vs 58.6%; p = 5 × 10–6). GWAS identified a HLA region associated with NMO, led by rs9272219 (OR = 2.48, P = 8 × 10–10). Class II HLA alleles HLA-DQB1*03:01, -DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*16:02, -DRB1*14:06 and -DQB1*04:02 showed the most significant associations with NMO risk. Local ancestry estimates suggest that all the NMO-associated alleles within the HLA region are of Native American origin. No novel or missense variants in the AQP4 gene were found in Mexican patients with NMO or multiple sclerosis. To our knowledge, this is the first study supporting the notion that Native American ancestry significantly contributes to NMO susceptibility in an admixed population, and is consistent with differences in NMO epidemiology in Mexico and Latin America.Fil: Romero Hidalgo, Sandra. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica; MéxicoFil: Flores Rivera, José. Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía; MéxicoFil: Rivas Alonso, Verónica. Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía; MéxicoFil: Barquera, Rodrigo. Max Planck Institute For The Science Of Human History; Alemania. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; MéxicoFil: Villarreal Molina, María Teresa. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica; MéxicoFil: Antuna Puente, Bárbara. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica; MéxicoFil: Macias Kauffer, Luis Rodrigo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Villalobos Comparán, Marisela. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica; MéxicoFil: Ortiz Maldonado, Jair. Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía; MéxicoFil: Yu, Neng. American Red Cross; Estados UnidosFil: Lebedeva, Tatiana V.. American Red Cross; Estados UnidosFil: Alosco, Sharon M.. American Red Cross; Estados UnidosFil: García Rodríguez, Juan Daniel. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica; MéxicoFil: González Torres, Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica; MéxicoFil: Rosas Madrigal, Sandra. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica; MéxicoFil: Ordoñez, Graciela. Neuroimmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía; MéxicoFil: Guerrero Camacho, Jorge Luis. Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía; MéxicoFil: Treviño Frenk, Irene. American British Cowdray Medical Center; México. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran; MéxicoFil: Escamilla Tilch, Monica. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran; MéxicoFil: García Lechuga, Maricela. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran; MéxicoFil: Tovar Méndez, Víctor Hugo. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran; MéxicoFil: Pacheco Ubaldo, Hanna. Instituto Nacional de Antropología E Historia. Escuela Nacional de Antropología E Historia; MéxicoFil: Acuña Alonzo, Victor. Instituto Nacional de Antropología E Historia. Escuela Nacional de Antropología E Historia; MéxicoFil: Bortolini, María Cátira. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Gallo, Carla. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; PerúFil: Bedoya Berrío, Gabriel. Universidad de Antioquia; ColombiaFil: Rothhammer, Francisco. Universidad de Tarapacá; ChileFil: Gonzalez-Jose, Rolando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas; ArgentinaFil: Ruiz Linares, Andrés. Colegio Universitario de Londres; Reino UnidoFil: Canizales Quinteros, Samuel. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Yunis, Edmond. Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Granados, Julio. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran; MéxicoFil: Corona, Teresa. Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía; Méxic

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Susceptibilidad de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemíptera : Liviidae) a insecticidas en Veracruz, México.

El uso racional de insecticidas requiere una evaluación previa de la efectividad de los productos para evitar aplicaciones inefectivas o el desarrollo de resistencia. El Psílido Asiático de los Cítricos (PAC), Diaphorina citri es vector del Huanglongbing y requiere estrategias de manejo regional de la resistencia. El objetivo de la investigación fue definir las líneas base de manejo de la resistencia y determinar la susceptibilidad de D. citri a insecticidas convencionales de uso común en aéreas citrícolas de Cazones y Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, México. Se evaluaron seis productos en grado técnico mediante aplicación tópica en el protórax de adultos y uno por evaluación sistémica. La mortalidad se registró 24 h después de aplicar los insecticidas y se determinaron las líneas de respuesta log dosis-probit, los valores de DL50 y la respuesta relativa para cada producto. La población de D. citri procedente de Cazones, resultó susceptible a los insecticidas evaluados; los datos de cada insecticida se proponen como líneas base de referencia para el manejo de la resistencia en México. La población de D. citri de Martínez de la Torre mostró resistencia alta a los insecticidas dimetoato y metomilo; tolerancia a malatión y lambda-cialotrina y susceptibilidad a abamectina, endosulfán e imidacloprid. _______________ SUSCEPTIBILITY Diaphorina citri KUWAYAMA (HEMIPTERA: LIVIIDAE) TO INSECTICIDES IN VERACRUZ, MEXICO. ABSTRACT: The rational use of insecticides requires a prior evaluation of the effectiveness of the products to avoid ineffective applications or the development of resistance. The Asian citrus psyllid (PAC), Diaphorina citri is the vector of Huanglongbing and regional management strategies require the resistance. The objective of the research was to define baselines resistance management and to determine the susceptibility of D. citri to conventional insecticides commonly used in citrus air of Dogfish and Martinez de la Torre, Veracruz, Mexico. were evaluated six products in technical grade by topical application on the prothorax of adults and one for systemic evaluation. Mortality was recorded 24 h after applying insecticides ys and determined response lines log-probit dose, LD50 values and the relative response for each product.'s Population D. citri from Dogfish, was susceptible to insecticides evaluated, the data for each insecticide are proposed as reference baselines for resistance management in Mexico.'s population D. citri Martinez de la Torre showed high resistance to insecticides dimethoate and methomyl, malathion tolerance and lambda-cyhalothrin and susceptibility to abamectin, endosulfan and imidacloprid.Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias, especialista en Entomología y Acarología).- Colegio de Postgraduados, 2013.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)