On variations of arclength with Myers’s and Hawking’s theorems in Riemannian and Lorentzian geometry

We work through the first and second variations of arclength and discuss the rise of index forms and Jacobi fields along with their application in finding conjugate or focal points on Riemannian or Lorentzian manifolds. We then prove two theorems on the maximal distances of two conjugate or focal points along geodesics for manifolds that satisfy certain boundedness conditions for the Ricci tensor. These are Myers’s theorem in Riemannian geometry and Hawking’s theorem in Lorentzian geometry.Peer reviewe

Flavour-dependent jet energy corrections and top quark mass

The top quark is the heaviest elementary particle in the standard model of particle physics. Its substantial mass indicates it may introduce significant corrections to the Higgs potential. Assuming no new physics below the Planck scale and that the interpretation of theory and measurements is right, these corrections and current experimental results imply that the electroweak vacuum lies in a metastable state. It is therefore important to examine how sound the measurements are. The most accurate single measurements of the top quark mass m_t performed by the CMS and ATLAS collaborations at the LHC differ from a similarly precise result of the D0 experiment at the Tevatron by approximately 2.5 GeV. This amounts to almost 3 standard deviations, so that the D0 result lifts the world average top mass value to approximately 173.3 GeV. Since the top quark decays almost exclusively into a bottom quark b and a W boson, many top mass measurement channels depend on the reconstruction of b-jets, sprays of particles originating from bottom quarks. The very high accuracy of the D0 is based on a unique and very precise calibration of the flavour-dependent jet energy scale corrections. In particular, the D0 correction factor for b-jets is notably different from those used by the ATLAS, CDF and CMS collaborations. An accurate reproduction of the D0 b-jet energy scale corrections is performed using standalone Monte Carlo simulations. We investigate the sensitivity of the b-jet correction to various assumptions, suggest improvements to the method and discuss the results’ implications to top mass measurements

Investigating the fluxes and physics potential of LHC neutrino experiments

The initiation of a novel neutrino physics program at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the purpose-built Forward Physics Facility (FPF) proposal have motivated studies exploring the discovery potential of these searches. This requires resolving degeneracies between new predictions and uncertainties in modeling neutrino production in the forward kinematic region. The present work investigates a broad selection of existing predictions for the parent hadron spectra at FASER$\nu$ and the FPF to parameterize expected correlations in the neutrino spectra produced in their decays and to determine the highest achievable precision for their observation based on Fisher information. This allows for setting constraints on various physics processes within and beyond the Standard Model, including neutrino non-standard interactions. We also illustrate how combining multiple neutrino observables could lead to experimental confirmation of the enhanced-strangeness scenario proposed to resolve the cosmic-ray muon puzzle already during the ongoing LHC Run 3.Comment: 21 pages, 5 figure

Varaston turvallisuussuunnitelma

Opinnäytetyössä tehtiin varaston turvallisuussuunnitelma. Suunnitelmassa perehdyttiin siihen, mitä nykyisten kulunvalvontajärjestelmien puitteissa on mahdollista toteuttaa. Opinnäytetyössä selviää, mitä edellytetään turvalliselta varastolta ja kerrotaan kuinka turvallisuusprojekti voitaisiin toteuttaa. Kulunvalvontajärjestelmät ovat nopeasti yleistymässä, ja varastoihin räätälöityjä ohjeistuksia ei ole vielä juurikaan käsitelty. Perehdyimme opinnäytetyön aikana standardeihin, kulunvalvonta- ja rikosilmoitinjärjestelmiin, videovalvontaan ja hälytys- ja turvajärjestelmiin. Tämän opinnäytetyön teoriaosuuden ja oman pohdinnan yhteenvetona syntyi projektisuunnitelma. Suunnitelma on tarkoitettu logistiikkayrityksille, jotka ovat hankkimassa laajempaa turvallisuusjärjestelmää. Työssä käydään läpi vaihe vaiheelta asiat, jotka tulee ottaa huomioon projektin aikana.The aim of this thesis was to make a warehouse security plan. During the process it was discussed what can be done about the current access control systems. In this thesis the requirements of secure warehouse and how the security project could be done were clarified. Access control systems are becoming more and more common, but there are not so many tailored guidelines for warehouses. In this thesis the standards, access control, intrusion detection systems, video surveillance, alarm systems and security systems were researched. As a result of this thesis’s, a project plan that is based on theory and the authors’ own reasoning was made. The plan is made for logistics companies that are going to purchase a more extensive security system. The issues that need to be taken into consideration are presented step by step in this thesis

Single-differential top quark pair production cross sections with running mass schemes at NLO

Single-differential cross section predictions for top quark pair production are presented at next-to-leading order, using running top quark mass renormalization schemes. The evolution of the mass of the top quark is performed in the MSR scheme $m_{\mathrm{t}}^{\textrm{MSR}}(\mu)$ for renormalization scales $\mu$ below the $\overline{\textrm{MS}}$ top quark mass $\overline{m}_{\mathrm{t}}(\overline{m}_{\mathrm{t}})$, and in the $\overline{\textrm{MS}}$ scheme $\overline{m}_{\mathrm{t}}(\mu)$ for scales above. In particular, the implementation of a mass renormalization scale independent of the strong coupling renormalization scale and factorization scale in quantum chromodynamics allows investigating independent dynamical scale variations. Furthermore, the first theoretically consistent extraction of the top quark MSR mass from experimental data is presented.Comment: To appear in the Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on High Energy physics - ICHEP2022, Bologna, Italy, 6-13 July, 202

Varaston turvallisuussuunnitelma

Opinnäytetyössä tehtiin varaston turvallisuussuunnitelma. Suunnitelmassa perehdyttiin siihen, mitä nykyisten kulunvalvontajärjestelmien puitteissa on mahdollista toteuttaa. Opinnäytetyössä selviää, mitä edellytetään turvalliselta varastolta ja kerrotaan kuinka turvallisuusprojekti voitaisiin toteuttaa. Kulunvalvontajärjestelmät ovat nopeasti yleistymässä, ja varastoihin räätälöityjä ohjeistuksia ei ole vielä juurikaan käsitelty. Perehdyimme opinnäytetyön aikana standardeihin, kulunvalvonta- ja rikosilmoitinjärjestelmiin, videovalvontaan ja hälytys- ja turvajärjestelmiin. Tämän opinnäytetyön teoriaosuuden ja oman pohdinnan yhteenvetona syntyi projektisuunnitelma. Suunnitelma on tarkoitettu logistiikkayrityksille, jotka ovat hankkimassa laajempaa turvallisuusjärjestelmää. Työssä käydään läpi vaihe vaiheelta asiat, jotka tulee ottaa huomioon projektin aikana.The aim of this thesis was to make a warehouse security plan. During the process it was discussed what can be done about the current access control systems. In this thesis the requirements of secure warehouse and how the security project could be done were clarified. Access control systems are becoming more and more common, but there are not so many tailored guidelines for warehouses. In this thesis the standards, access control, intrusion detection systems, video surveillance, alarm systems and security systems were researched. As a result of this thesis’s, a project plan that is based on theory and the authors’ own reasoning was made. The plan is made for logistics companies that are going to purchase a more extensive security system. The issues that need to be taken into consideration are presented step by step in this thesis

Improving Yasso15 soil carbon model estimates with ensemble adjustment Kalman filter state data assimilation

Model-calculated forecasts of soil organic carbon (SOC) are important for approximating global terrestrial carbon pools and assessing their change. However, the lack of detailed observations limits the reliability and applicability of these SOC projections. Here, we studied whether state data assimilation (SDA) can be used to continuously update the modeled state with available total carbon measurements in order to improve future SOC estimations. We chose six fallow test sites with measurement time series spanning 30 to 80 years for this initial test. In all cases, SDA improved future projections but to varying degrees. Furthermore, already including the first few measurements impacted the state enough to reduce the error in decades-long projections by at least 1 tCha(-1). Our results show the benefits of implementing SDA methods for forecasting SOC as well as highlight implementation aspects that need consideration and further research.Peer reviewe

Evaluation of multivalency as an organization principle for the efficient synthesis of doubly and triply threaded amide rotaxanes

Mono-, di- and trivalent pseudorotaxanes with tetralactam macrocycle hosts and axles containing diamide binding stations as the guests have been synthesised. Their threading behaviour was analyzed in detail by NMR experiments and isothermal titration calorimetry. An X-ray crystal structure of the monovalent pseudorotaxane confirms the binding motif. Double mutant cycle analysis provides the effective molarities and insight into the chelate cooperativity of multivalent binding. While the second binding event in a trivalent pseudorotaxane exhibits a slightly positive cooperativity, the third binding is nearly non-cooperative. Nevertheless, the enhanced binding affinities resulting from the multivalent interaction are the basis for a highly efficient synthesis of di- and trivalent rotaxanes through stoppering the axle termini by “click” chemistry. Evidence for the multiply threaded geometry comes from NMR spectroscopy as well as tandem mass-spectrometric fragmentation experiments of mass-selected rotaxane ions in the gas phase. Furthermore, the trivalent rotaxane can be controlled by external stimuli (chloride addition and removal) which lead to an elevator-type movement of the wheel along the axle

Implementation and initial calibration of carbon-13 soil organic matter decomposition in the Yasso model

Soils account for the largest share of carbon found in terrestrial ecosystems, and their status is of considerable interest for the global carbon cycle budget and atmospheric carbon concentration. The decomposition of soil organic matter depends on environmental conditions and human activities, which raises the question of how permanent are these carbon storages under changing climate. One way to get insight into carbon decomposition processes is to analyse different carbon isotope concentrations in soil organic matter. In this paper we introduce a carbon-13-isotope-specific soil organic matter decomposition add-on into the Yasso soil carbon model and assess its functionality. The new C-13-dedicated decomposition is straightforward to implement and depends linearly on the default Yasso model parameters and the relative carbon isotope (C-13/C-12) concentration. The model modifications are based on the assumption that the heavier C-13 atoms are not as reactive as C-12. The new formulations were calibrated using fractionated C, C-13 and delta(13) measurements from litterbags containing pine needles and woody material, which were left to decompose in natural environment for 4 years. The introduced model modifications considerably improve the model behaviour in a 100-year-long simulation, where modelled delta(13) is compared against fractionated peat column carbon content. The work presented here is a proof of concept and enables C-13 to be used as a natural tracer to detect changes in the underlying soil organic matter decomposition.Peer reviewe

Plasma Orexin-A Levels Do Not Undergo Circadian Rhythm in Young Healthy Male Subjects

Orexin-A (OXA) has been originally isolated from a precursor peptide prepro-orexin from the lateral hypothalamus. The orexin system has been attributed to important functions in sleep, arousal and regulation of energy homeostasis. In addition to its high levels in cerebrospinal fluid, OXA is present in blood. However, reported peptide concentrations in plasma vary significantly depending on the method used. Therefore, a specific and sensitive OXA radioimmunoassay (RIA) with solid phase extraction method was developed to determine whether plasma OXA concentrations is affected by acute feeding and/or wake and sleep in young healthy males. Blood samples were collected for 24 h from nine healthy males (aged 20–24 years; BMI 20.7–26.5) every 2 h starting at 11 a.m. Food was served at 12 p.m, 5:30 p.m, 8 p.m and 8 a.m and the sleep time was between 10 p.m and 7 a.m. Plasma samples were analyzed in addition for cortisol and melatonin levels. Blood pressure was monitored through the experimental period. OXA antibody was raised in rabbits. OXA antiserum had only minor cross-reactivity with prepro-orexin precursor (<0.001%), amino-terminal peptide (<0.001%), carboxy-terminal peptide (0.001%), and orexin-B (0.3%) with high sensitivity (0.15 pg/tube). Plasma OXA levels varied between 0.5 and 16 pg/ml in seven subjects and were undetectable (below 0.5 pg/ml) in two subjects. The OXA concentrations did not correlate to feeding nor wake/sleep, whereas cortisol, melatonin and mean arterial blood pressure presented a clear circadian rhythm in each subject. In conclusion, OXA is present in blood in low amounts and its levels do not follow autonomic nor neuroendocrine circadian rhythms. Thereby, studies examining regulatory mechanisms and influences of OXA from blood samples should interpret results very cautiously