ESTABELECIMENTO IN VITRO DE MIRTILO A PARTIR DE SEGMENTOS NODAIS

With the objective of defining the culture medium constitution, the explant length and the physical state of culture medium to favor the in vitro establishment of blueberry, cvs. Flórida and Delite, were accomplished two experiments. In the experiment I, where nodal segments of the cv. Flórida were used as explants, it was studied four different constitutions of the WPM culture medium (T1: WPM - testimony; T2: WPM + 24.6 µM 2iP; T3: WPM + 24.6 µM 2iP + 2.68 µM NAA; and, T4: WPM + 24.6 µM 2iP + 2.68 µM NAA + 1.44 µM GA3). The culture mediuns with Gamborg vitamins, were added of myo-inositol (100 mg.L-1), sucrose (30 g.L-1) and agar (6 g.L- 1). In the experiment II, with vegetable material of the cv. Delite, were studied two physical states of the culture medium (semi-solid and liquid) and three explants lengths - nodal segments (0.5; 1 and 1.5 cm). In this experiment, the WPM culture medium with Gamborg vitamins was added of 2iP (24.6 µM), myo-inositol (100 mg.L-1) and sucrose (30 g.L-1). To the semi-solid medium agar was added (6 g.L-1), and in the liquid medium, cotton wads sustained the explants. In the experiment I, the WPM culture medium + 24.6 µM 2iP propitiated the higher establishment percentage (70.74%). In the experiment II, the length of the explant did not have effect on establishment. In relation to the physical state of the culture medium, the establishment percentage was higher being used the semi-solid medium (79.23%), compared to the liquid medium (0.74%).Com o objetivo de definir a constituição do meio de cultura, o comprimento do explante e o estado físico do meio de cultura que favoreçam o estabelecimento in vitro de mirtilo, cvs. Flórida e Delite, dois experimentos foram realizados. No experimento I, onde segmentos nodais da cv. Flórida foram utilizados como explantes, estudou-se quatro diferentes constituições do meio de cultura WPM (T1: WPM - testemunha; T2: WPM + 24,6 µM de 2iP; T3: WPM + 24,6 µM de 2iP + 2,68 µM de ANA; e, T4: WPM + 24,6 µM de 2iP + 2,68 µM de ANA + 1,44 µM de AG3). Os meios de cultura com as vitaminas de Gamborg, foram adicionados de mio-inositol (100 mg.L-1), sacarose (30 g.L-1) e ágar (6 g.L-1). No experimento II, com material vegetal da cv. Delite, foram estudados dois estados físicos do meio de cultura (semi-sólido e líquido) e três comprimentos dos explantes - segmentos nodais (0,5; 1 e 1,5 cm). Neste experimento, o meio de cultura WPM com as vitaminas de Gamborg foi acrescido de 2iP (24,6 µM), mio-inositol (100 mg.L-1) e sacarose (30 g.L-1). Ao meio semi-sólido adicionou-se ágar (6 g.L-1), e no meio líquido, chumaços de algodão sustentaram os explantes. No experimento I, o meio de cultura WPM + 24,6 µM de 2iP propiciou a maior percentagem de estabelecimento (70,74%). No experimento II, o comprimento do explante não teve efeito sobre o estabelecimento. Em relação ao estado físico do meio de cultura, a percentagem de estabelecimento foi superior utilizando-se o meio semi-sólido (79,23%), comparado ao meio líquido (0,74%)

ENRAIZAMENTO IN VITRO E ACLIMATIZAÇÃO DE MUDAS DE MARMELEIRO

The objective of this work was to determine salts and sucrose concentration of the culture medium that favor the in vitro rooting of quince cvs. MC and Adams, and the substrate that it makes possible the largest survival of the scions in acclimatization. In the Experiment 1 they were studied the salts concentration of the MS culture medium (50, 75 and 100% of the original concentration) and the sucrose concentration in the medium (0, 15, 30 and 45 g.L-1), in the completely randomized experimental design, in factorial outline 3 x 4. To the 35 days were evaluated the rooting percentage, the number and the length of roots and the intensity of callus formation in the basis of the explants. In the Experiment 2, it was studied the substrate type (substrate Plantmax, Plantmax + vermiculite [mixture 1:1] and Plantmax + vermiculite + soil [mixture 1:1:1]), in the blocks at random experimental design. In this experiment the survival percentage was evaluated to the 10, 20 and 30 days of acclimatization, exposing the scions gradually the environmental conditions. The in vitro rooting of the cvs. MC and Adams was favored with the reduction of the salts of the MS medium to 75% of it original concentration, and with 15 g.L-1 of sucrose in the culture medium. In spite of none of the substrate it was previously sterilized, just the substrate that contained soil in the mixture presented total death of the scions already to the ten days of acclimatization, caused by rottenness in the lap of the plant. The substrate Plantmax and the mixture Plantmax + vermiculite made possible the largest survival of the scions in the acclimatization.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a concentração dos sais e de sacarose do meio de cultura que favoreçam o enraizamento in vitro de marmeleiro cvs. MC e Adams, e o substrato que possibilite a maior sobrevivência das mudas na aclimatização. No Experimento 1 foram estudadas a concentração dos sais do meio de cultura MS (50, 75 e 100% da concentração original) e a concentração de sacarose no meio (0, 15, 30 e 45 g.L-1), no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4. Aos 35 dias avaliou-se a percentagem de enraizamento, o número e o comprimento médio de raízes e a intensidade de formação de calo na base dos explantes. No Experimento 2, estudou-se o tipo de substrato (substrato Plantmax, Plantmax + vermiculita [mistura 1:1] e Plantmax + vermiculita + solo [mistura 1:1:1]), no delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso. Neste experimento avaliou-se a percentagem de sobrevivência aos 10, 20 e 30 dias de aclimatização, expondo as mudas gradualmente as condições ambientais. O enraizamento in vitro das cvs. MC e Adams foi favorecido com a redução dos sais do meio MS a 75% de sua concentração original, e com 15 g.L-1 de sacarose no meio de cultura. Apesar de nenhum dos substratos ter sido previamente esterilizado, apenas o substrato que continha solo na mistura apresentou total morte das mudas já aos dez dias de aclimatização, causada por podridão no colo da planta. O substrato Plantmax e a mistura Plantmax + vermiculita possibilitaram a maior sobrevivência das mudas na aclimatização

Rooting of olive minicuttings at different seasons grown in clonal minigarden

The objectives were: a) to evaluate the initial development of olive ministumps in semi-hydroponic and conventional systems; b) evaluate the productivity ministumps in successive collections and the rooting of minicuttings of olive tree collected at different times of the year clonal mini garden cultivated in semi-hydroponic and conventional systems. The cultivation systems used were the semi-hydroponics and conventional, to which was evaluated for 90 days of cultivation the initial growth of ministumps. After that began the collection of plant material in cropping systems. The variables analyzed were: the initial growth of ministumps, productivity, the percentage of survival and rooting, the number and length of roots and also found the survival of rooted minicuttings of cropping systems. The cultivation of olive ministumps in semi-hydroponic system is more efficient in minicuttings productivity than the conventional system. The minicuttings collected in separate semi-hydroponic system collecting time showed the best results for the variables analyzed in relation to the conventional system of cultivation.The objectives were: a) to evaluate the initial development of olive ministumps in semi-hydroponic and conventional systems; b) evaluate the productivity ministumps in successive collections and the rooting of minicuttings of olive tree collected at different times of the year clonal mini garden cultivated in semi-hydroponic and conventional systems. The cultivation systems used were the semi-hydroponics and conventional, to which was evaluated for 90 days of cultivation the initial growth of ministumps. After that began the collection of plant material in cropping systems. The variables analyzed were: the initial growth of ministumps, productivity, the percentage of survival and rooting, the number and length of roots and also found the survival of rooted minicuttings of cropping systems. The cultivation of olive ministumps in semi-hydroponic system is more efficient in minicuttings productivity than the conventional system. The minicuttings collected in separate semi-hydroponic system collecting time showed the best results for the variables analyzed in relation to the conventional system of cultivation

Does propagation method affect the field performance of peach trees?

Worldwide, peach propagation has been performed mainly by grafting scions of desirable cultivars on rootstocks obtained from seeds. There are, however, other potential propagation methods not widely adopted due to the limited reports on the field performance of the resultant trees. This study addressed this knowledge gap and investigated the field performance of peach trees of the cultivar Maciel that were established in an orchard (5.0 m × 1.4 m spacing) in 2011. The trees were trained in a "Y" system, with seedlings from three propagation techniques: 1) Conventional System (CS) - vegetative bud grafting of the scion on the rootstock of the Okinawa cultivar obtained from seed; 2) Rootstock by Minicutting (RM) - vegetative bud grafting of the scion on the rootstock of the Okinawa cultivar obtained by minicutting in a semi-hydroponic system; 3) Self-Rooting (SR) - self-rooting of the scion in a semi-hydroponic system. The vegetative, productive, and fruit quality parameters were assessed during 2012 and 2013. The Maciel peach trees that were propagated by the SR technique were found to have similar or even superior field performance to those propagated by the CS. The RM propagation method was also found to be an important potential alternative to peach propagation, since this it combines two techniques (cutting and grafting) to reduce tree vigor, especially if the goal is high-density planting

Carvão ativado no estabelecimento in vitro de cultivares de framboeseira

Propagation of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is usually performed from root cuttings. Although fruits have viable seeds, sexual reproduction is unwanted due to the high genetic variability and long juvenile period besides dormancy, which causes plant development to be slow and consequently produces the same result in the production of new seedlings. So, in vitro micropropagation is a viable technique for seedling production, thus maintaining genetic features of the mother plant, uniformity, precocity of production, as well as accelerating the conventional propagation methods, are an alternative to planters. The aim was the evaluation of the effect of different concentration ratios of activated charcoal supplied in the growth medium on the different raspberry cultivars. Activated charcoal was used (0; 2; and 4 g L-1), and the raspberry cultivars were (Indian Summer, Heritage, Willamette, Golden Bliss, Polana, Fallgold, Schönemann, and Bababerry). The best oxidation control was presented on cultivars Golden Bliss, Polana, Fallgold, Schönemann, and Bababerry, grown on cultivation medium added of 4 g L-1 activated charcoal, due to the absorption of phenolic compounds released into the culture medium.A propagação da framboeseira (Rubus idaeus L.) é comumente realizada a partir da estacas de raízes. Embora, os frutos possuam sementes viáveis, a reprodução sexuada não é desejada, em razão, de algumas desvantagens, tais como: dormência, elevada variabilidade genética período de juvenilidade. Dessa forma, a micropropagação in vitro é uma técnica viável para o processo de formação de mudas, pois, preserva características genéticas desejáveis das plantas-matrizes, servindo como uma alternativa para os produtores. Objetivou-se então avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de carvão ativado, suplementado ao meio de cultura para as diferentes cultivares de framboeseira. Utilizaram-se o carvão ativado (0; 2 e 4 g L-1), e as cultivares de framboeseira (Indian Summer, Heritage, Willamette, Golden Bliss, Polana, Fallgold, Schönemann e Bababerry). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado arranjado em esquema bifatorial, com quatro repetições. Cada repetição composta por 25 tubos e um explante por tubo. Melhor controle de oxidação foi observado para as cultivares Golden Bliss, Polana, Fallgold, Schönemann e Bababerry, cultivados em meio de cultura acrescido de 4 g L-1 de carvão ativado, devido a absorção de compostos fenólicos liberados no meio de cultura

RESPONSE EVALUATION OF THREE OLIVE CULTIVARS TO THE IN VITRO CULTIVATION UNDER DIFFERENT LIGHT WAVELENGTH AND THE EFFECTS OF THE COMBINATION BETWEEN ZEATIN AND GIBBERELLIC ACID

A propagação da oliveira normalmente é realizada através de estacas lenhosas, mas a viabilidade da estaquia está condicionada a inúmeros fatores. Diante disso, a cultura de tecidos pode ser uma alternativa para a propagação desta espécie. Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo do estabelecimento in vitro de três cultivares de oliveira sob diferentes tipos de luz e de avaliar a combinação de zeatina e ácido giberélico no estabelecimento in vitro de oliveira cv. Koroneiki. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados segmentos nodais de três cultivares de oliveira (Picual, Frantoio e Koroneiki) e diferentes qualidades de luz (branca, vermelha, azul e verde) que foram cultivados em meio MS + 8,8 umol L-1 BAP + 4,33 umol L-1 AG3 + 0,49 umol L-1 AIB. A cultivar Frantoio foi a que apresentou maior taxa de oxidação, aos 21 e 28 dias de cultivo; a luz branca promoveu maior percentagem de sobrevivência, e dentre as cultivares, a Koroneiki foi superior às demais; para estabelecimento observou-se que a luz branca foi superior às demais para Koroneiki e não diferiu da verde para Picual; não foi observada contaminação bacteriana e a contaminação fúngica não apresentou diferenças estatísticas. No segundo experimento segmentos nodais da cultivar Koroneiki foram cultivados em meios de cultura com diferentes concentrações de zeatina (10 e 20 umol L-1) combinadas ou não com 10 umol L-1 de AG3. A adição de zeatina e ácido giberélico ao meio de cultura não foi eficaz para o estabelecimento de oliveira cv. Koroneiki; como não houve diferença entre concentrações de zeatina, a utilização de 10 umol L-1 já é suficiente e proporciona redução dos custos laboratoriais.Usually olive propagation is done by hardwood cuttings; however cutting viability is dependent of innumerous factors. Therefore, tissue culture may be a good alternative to propagate this specie. Two experiments were carried out aiming to establish in vitro three olives cultivars under different light conditions and evaluate the zeatin and gibberellic acid combination on in vitro establishment of the olive tree cultivar Koroneiki. In the first experiment it was used nodal segments of three olives cultivars (Picual, Frantoio and Koroneiki) and different light quality (fluorescent, red, blue and green). They were cultivated into medium MS + 8.8 umol L-1 BAP + 4.33 umol L-1 GA3 + 0.49 umol L-1 IBA. ‘Frantoio’ showed the highest oxidation rates at the 21st and 28th days of cultivation. The fluorescent light provided the highest survival percentage and among cultivars ‘Koroneiki was superior to others. Regarding to establishment it was observed that the fluorescent light was greater for ‘Koroneiki’ and did not differ from green for ‘Picual’. It was not observed bacterial contamination and the fungal contamination did not present statistics differences. At the second experiment nodal segments of ‘Koroneiki’ were cultivated in culture medium containing different zeatin concentrations (10 e 20 umol L-1) combined or not with 10 umol L-1 GA3. The addition of zeatin and gibberellic acid into the culture medium was not efficient for the in vitro establishment of olive cultivar Koroneiki. As there was not difference between zeatin concentrations the use of 10 umol L-1 is sufficient and provides reductions of laboratorial costs

EFEITO DO HIPOCLORITO DE SÓDIO, FOTOPERÍODO E TEMPERATURA NO ESTABELECIMENTO IN VITRO DE JABUTICABEIRA

The aim of this work was to test the influence of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, photoperiod and temperature on the disinfestations and in vitro germination of "jabuticaba" seeds. The used culture medium was MS. The "jabuticaba" seeds kept under two conditions for 8 days at 5 ºC and room temperature were disinfested in 2,5% and 5,0% sodium hypochlorite solution and then inoculated in test tubs containing 10 mL of medium. After inoculation 50% of the seeds were placed in the darkness under 25 ± 2 ºC and 50% were transferred to the growth room at the same temperature, with 16-hours photoperiod and radiation of 27 µmol m-2 s-1. The assessments of bacteria and fungi contamination percentage and oxidation percentage were done during the 7th, 14 th, 21 th, 28 th and 35th day of the cultivation. Also on the 42th cultivation day it was evaluated the germination percentage. The seeds submitted to 5 ºC had the highest germination percentage. The 5,0% sodium hypochlorite solution showed efficient in the disinfestations decreasing fungi contamination. The lowest bacteria contamination occurred in the seeds kept at room temperature in the light presence. It was concluded that the "jabuticaba" seeds germination was influenced by the temperature, and the photoperiod did not appear to have an effect. The fungi contamination is inversely proportional to the used disinfector concentration showing no influence in the bacterial contamination.O presente trabalho teve por objetivo testar a influência de diferentes concentrações de hipoclorito de sódio, fotoperíodo e temperatura na desinfestação e germinação in vitro de sementes de jabuticabeira. O meio de cultivo utilizado foi o MS. Sementes de jabuticaba, que foram mantidas sob duas condições durante 8 dias a temperatura de 5 ºC e a temperatura ambiente foram desinfestadas nas concentrações de 2,5% e 5,0% de hipoclorito de sódio sendo após inoculadas em tubo de ensaio contendo 10 mL de meio. Após a inoculação, 50% das sementes foram colocadas no escuro sob temperatura de 25 ± 2 ºC e 50% transferidas para sala de crescimento com 16 horas de fotoperíodo, radiação de 27 µmol m-2 s-1 e a mesma temperatura. Aos 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias de cultivo avaliou-se a porcentagem de contaminação fúngica e bacteriana, além da porcentagem de oxidação. Aos 42 dias de cultivo também avaliou-se a porcentagem de germinação. O percentual de germinação mais elevado ocorreu nas sementes submetidas a 5 ºC. A utilização de hipoclorito de sódio a 5% se mostrou eficiente na desinfestação diminuindo a contaminação fúngica. A menor contaminação bacteriana ocorreu nas sementes mantidas em temperatura ambiente em presença de luz. Conclui-se que a germinação de sementes de jabuticabeira somente foi influenciada pela temperatura, não tendo influência do fotoperíodo. A contaminação fungica é inversamente proporcional a concentração de desinfestante utilizada, sem haver influência na contaminação bacteriana

IN VITRO ROOTING OF THE APPLE TREE ROOTSTOCK - M9 RELATED TO SEAL,

The objective for this study was to evaluate two support and two of flask covers and the effect of sucrose on the in vitro rooting of M-9 apple rootstock. The culture medium used was MS, added of indole-3-butyric acid-IBA (5 µM). The treatments consisted of two support (agar or vermiculite); flask cover (cotton-wool or aluminum foil) and with or without addition of sucrose to the culture media. In culture medium with sucrose, it was observed higher rooting percentage with agar than that of vermiculite. The flasks covered with cotton-wool had higher average of root number per plantlet as well as higher rooting percentage in the culture medium with sucrose.Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o melhor material de suporte, tipo de vedação dos frascos e concentração de sacarose, visando o enraizamento in vitro do porta-enxerto de macieira M-9. O meio de cultura usado foi o MS, acrescido de ácido indolbutírico-AIB (5 mM). Os tratamentos consistiram-se no uso de dois tipos de material de suporte (ágar e vermiculita); vedação de frascos (algodão e papel alumínio) e da presença ou ausência de sacarose no meio de cultura. Constatou-se que o ágar promoveu o melhor desempenho para a percentagem de enraizamento, sendo superior à vermiculita em meio de cultivo com sacarose. A vedação dos frascos com algodão promoveu maior número médio de raízes e porcentagem de enraizamento em meio de cultivo com adição de sacarose