171 research outputs found
International Scientific Conference Polish-Belarusian Cultural, Literary, and Linguistic Relationship, Wisznice 2019
Transcription factor binding distribution and properties in prokaryotes
The canonical model of transcriptional regulation in prokaryotes restricted binding site locations to promoter regions and suggested that the binding sequences serve as the main determinants of binding. In this dissertation, I challenge these assumptions.
As a member of the TB Systems Biology Consortium, I analyzed and validated ChIP-Seq and microarray experiments for over 100 transcription factors (TFs). In order to study the transcriptional functions of predicted binding sites, I integrated binding and expression data and assigned potential regulatory roles to 20% of the binding sites. Stronger binding sites were more often associated with regulation than weaker sites, suggesting a correlation between binding strength and regulatory impact. Seventy-six percent of the sites fell into annotated coding regions and a significant proportion was assigned to regulatory functions.
To study the importance of binding sequences, I compared experimental sites with computational motif predictions. Although a conservative binding motif was found for most TFs, only a fraction of the observed motifs appeared bound in the experiment. Some low-affinity binding sites appeared occupied by the corresponding TF while many high-affinity binding sites were not. Interestingly, I found exactly the same nucleotide sequences (up to 15 residues long) bound in one area of the genome but not bound in another area, pointing to DNA accessibility as an important factor for in vivo binding.
To investigate the evolutionary conservation of binding-site occupancy, sequence, and transcriptional impact, I analyzed ChIP-Seq and expression experiments for five conserved TFs for two-to-four Mycobacterial relatives.
The regulon composition showed significantly less conservation than expected from the overall gene conservation level across Mycobacteria. Despite expectations, sequence conservation did not serve as a good indicator of whether or not a computationally predicted motif was bound experimentally; and in some cases, a fully conserved motif was bound in one relative but not in the other. Conservation of genic binding sites was higher than expected from the random model, adding to the evidence that at least some genic sites are functional. Understanding the evolutionary story of binding sites allowed me to explain unusual site configurations, some of which indicated a role for DNA looping
Optimization of structural solutions of reinforcement cages of bendable reinforced concrete elements
This article discusses the comparison of the design solutions of welded and knitted reinforcement cages used for reinforcement of concrete structures and evaluated their advantages and disadvantage
Optimization of structural solutions of reinforcement cages of bendable reinforced concrete elements
This article discusses the comparison of the design solutions of welded and knitted reinforcement cages used for reinforcement of concrete structures and evaluated their advantages and disadvantage
Geo-neutrinos and Silicate Earth Enrichment of U and Th
The terrestrial distribution of U, Th, and K abundances governs the thermal
evolution, traces the differentiation, and reflects the bulk composition of the
earth. Comparing the bulk earth composition to chondritic meteorites estimates
the net amounts of these radiogenic heat-producing elements available for
partitioning to the crust, mantle, and core. Core formation enriches the
abundances of refractory lithophile elements, including U and Th, in the
silicate earth by ~1.5. Global removal of volatile elements potentially
increases this enrichment to ~2.8. The K content of the silicate earth follows
from the ratio of K to U. Variable enrichment produces a range of possible
heat-producing element abundances in the silicate earth. A model assesses the
essentially fixed amounts of U, Th, and K in the approximately closed crust
reservoir. Subtracting these sequestered crustal amounts from the variable
amounts in the silicate earth results in a range of possible mantle
allocations, leaving global dynamics and thermal evolution poorly constrained.
Terrestrial antineutrinos from {\beta}-emitting daughter nuclei in the U and Th
decay series traverse the earth with negligible attenuation. The rate at which
large subsurface instruments observe these geo-neutrinos depends on the
distribution of U and Th relative to the detector. Geo-neutrino observations
with sensitivity to U and Th in the mantle are able to estimate silicate earth
enrichment, leading to a more complete understanding of the origin, accretion,
differentiation, and thermal history of the planet.Comment: published version: 21 pages, 3 figures, 5 table
40Arβ39Ar ages and isotope geochemistry of Cretaceous basalts in northern Madagascar: Refining eruption ages, extent of crustal contamination and parental magmas in a flood basalt province
The Madagascar Cretaceous igneous province exposed in the Mahajanga basin is represented by basalt and basaltic andesite lavas. New 40Arβ39Ar plateau ages (92.3 Β± 2.0 Ma and 91.5 Β± 1.3 Ma) indicate that the magmatism in the Mahajanga basin started about 92 Ma ago. Four geochemically distinct magma types (Groups AβD) are present. Group A and C rocks have low to moderate TiO2 (1.2β2.6 wt%), Nb (3β9 ΞΌg gβ1) and Zr (82β200 ΞΌg gβ1), and show large variations in ΙNdi (+0.1 to β10.8), 206Pb/204Pb (15.28 to 16.33) and Ξ³Os (+11.4 to +7378). The large isotopic variations, particularly in Os, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions, are likely due to crustal contamination. The low Pb isotope ratios observed in the Group A and C rocks suggest involvement of continental crust with low ΞΌ (238U/204Pb). Group B and D rocks have moderate to high TiO2 (2.2β4.9 wt%), Nb (8β24 ΞΌg gβ1) and Zr (120β327 ΞΌg gβ1). Age-corrected isotopes of Group B and D lavas show a small range in ΙNdi (+1.0 to +4.0) and a wide range in Ξ³Os (+128 to +1182). Values of 207Pb/204Pb are within the range for Groups A and C, but the Group D 206Pb/204Pb (16.52β17.08) and 208Pb/204Pb (37.51β38.01) values are higher, indicating a different crustal contaminant. Pb isotopic values of the Group B rocks seem to reflect the isotopic features of their mantle source. The magma groups of Mahajanga display a wide range of trace element and isotopic compositions that cannot be explained only by open-system crystallization processes but, rather, by distinct mantle sources
A Study of the Residual 39Ar Content in Argon from Underground Sources
The discovery of argon from underground sources with significantly less 39Ar
than atmospheric argon was an important step in the development of
direct-detection dark matter experiments using argon as the active target. We
report on the design and operation of a low background detector with a single
phase liquid argon target that was built to study the 39Ar content of the
underground argon. Underground argon from the Kinder Morgan CO2 plant in
Cortez, Colorado was determined to have less than 0.65% of the 39Ar activity in
atmospheric argon.Comment: 21 pages, 10 figure
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Dnmt3a is an epigenetic mediator of adipose insulin resistance
Insulin resistance results from an intricate interaction between genetic make-up and environment, and thus may be orchestrated by epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation. Here, we demonstrate that DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a) is both necessary and sufficient to mediate insulin resistance in cultured mouse and human adipocytes. Furthermore, adipose-specific Dnmt3a knock-out mice are protected from diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance without accompanying changes in adiposity. Unbiased gene profiling studies revealed Fgf21 as a key negatively regulated Dnmt3a target gene in adipocytes with concordant changes in DNA methylation at the Fgf21 promoter region. Consistent with this, Fgf21 can rescue Dnmt3a-mediated insulin resistance, and DNA methylation at the FGF21 locus was elevated in human subjects with diabetes and correlated negatively with expression of FGF21 in human adipose tissue. Taken together, our data demonstrate that adipose Dnmt3a is a novel epigenetic mediator of insulin resistance in vitro and in vivo
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Β»
Β The results of validation of the method βMicroscopic analysis of textile fibersβ used in forensic fiber examination are presented. An attempt is made to estimate reliability of testing of this method numerically by the proportions of right and false results and credibility ratio.The testing method under consideration consists in establishing a set of external characteristics of natural and chemical textile fibers: color, peculiarities of coloration, morphological features, presence/absence of a matting agent. These generic characteristics are used in forensic textile analysis.Β As the objects of testing fiber samples from comparative collection of a forensic fiber laboratory were used. Four experts participated in the experiment independently examining eleven fiber samples by eleven external characteristics for a week.A low (2,2 %) rate of false results in relation to the total number of tests was established as well as the low (less than 3,0 %) rate of each expertβs false results. The probability of the right results of characteristicsβ assessment is 30 times higher than the probability of false results.The results of the experiment permit the conclusion that the method is suitable to be used in forensic fiber examination when dealing with various tasks: classification, identification, situational and diagnostic.Β Β ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Β», ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ: ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½: ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ/ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½.ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ.Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ (2,2 %) ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ (ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 3,0 %) ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² 30 ΡΠ°Π· Π²ΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ².Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ: ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
, ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ
The article reviews and summarizes the experience of validating forensic expert techniques in the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. The authors point out the methodological features of practical implementation of the validation procedure. They demonstrate that the specificity, diversity, and complexity of the objects of expert study require the classification of the applied methods in terms of metrology, identification of the main validation parameters of quantitative and qualitative methods, organization of experiments, and evaluation of validation parameters using mathematical analysis methods. They also propose to divide methods into two types: forensic expert measurement methods (FMT) and forensic expert testing methods (FTT). Based on the generalization of information presented in several regulatory documents and scientific publications, the following parameters are identified for FMT: metrological characteristics or properties of the method (specificity, linearity, sensitivity, range of determined values, detection limit, quantitative determination limit) and quality indicators of the method (precision, correctness, accuracy of the analysis result, or uncertainty). When validating FTT, it is proposed to evaluate the reliability of the method and the competence of the expert.An experiment to assess validation parameters is performed using enough control samples with established characteristics of controlled indicators and with the participation of a sufficient number of experts. Requirements for control samples are provided.The authors also give examples of probabilistic evaluation of validation parameters for two qualitative testing methods: microscopic examination of textile fibers and detection of gunshot residue using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The reliability of these methods is assessed by calculating the likelihood ratio, and the specificity of interpreting the results of FMT and FTT validation is noted.The decision on compliance with the requirements is made if the interval of the established extended uncertainty for the obtained result does not exceed the tolerance field. In the absence of tolerances, FMT is considered suitable for solving forensic expert tasks if the values of the extended uncertainty of the measurement results of the controlled indicator do not exceed the values established during validation. For FTT, a low probabilistic proportion of false positive and false negative results in determining the presence/absence of controlled indicators, as well as experimentally confirmed competence of the expert during validation, are indicators of the suitability of the method for its intended useΠ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ (Π‘ΠΠ) Π² Π€ΠΠ£ Π Π€Π¦Π‘Π ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅, Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°: ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Π‘ΠΠΠ) ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (Π‘ΠΠΠ’). ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π΄Π»Ρ Π‘ΠΠΠ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ: ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ). ΠΡΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΠΠ’ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ°.ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°ΠΌ.Π Π°Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Π° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΈ Π‘ΠΠΠ’.Π Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π» ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π‘ΠΠΠ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π‘ΠΠΠ’ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ/ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ
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