Secondary Electron Emission Yields

The secondary electron emission (SEE) characteristics for a variety of spacecraft materials were determined under UHV conditions using a commercial double pass CMA which permits sequential Auger electron electron spectroscopic analysis of the surface. The transparent conductive coating indium tin oxide (ITO) was examined on Kapton and borosilicate glass and indium oxide on FED Teflon. The total SEE coefficient ranges from 2.5 to 2.6 on as-received surfaces and from 1.5 to 1.6 on Ar(+) sputtered surfaces with 5 nm removed. A cylindrical sample carousel provides normal incidence of the primary beam as well as a multiple Faraday cup measurement of the approximately nA beam currents. Total and true secondary yields are obtained from target current measurements with biasing of the carousel. A primary beam pulsed mode to reduce electron beam dosage and minimize charging of insulating coatings was applied to Mg/F2 coated solar cell covers. Electron beam effects on ITO were found quite important at the current densities necessary to do Auger studies

SKIING AT MARTIN THE NORTHERN PACIFIC STOP AT STAMPEDE PASS

Martin is a stop on the Northern Pacific Railroad at the east portal of its tunnel under Stampede Pass, going through the Cascade Mountains, named for the nearby Martin Creek. Since the 1920s, Northwest skiers took the Northern Pacific Railroad to Martin to take advantage of the deep snow that fell there. The story of skiing at Martin is virtually unknown these days, and Martin is one of the Lost Ski Areas of Washington.https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/local_authors/1011/thumbnail.jp

EARLY DAYS OF SKIING IN THE NORTHWEST: ORGANIZED SKIING BEGAN IN CLE ELUM

This article documents early skiing in the Cle Elum area. From 1921 until 1933 the Summit Ski Club (later called Cle Elum Ski Club) held ski jumping competitions. This article also discuses the development of the Northern Pacific Railroad and discovery of coal and subsequent mining operations in upper Kittitas county. The article\u27s many historic pictures and memorabilia of the Cle Elum Ski Club are courtesy of the Cecelia Maybo family. These materials are now part of the Archives and Special Collections of the James E. Brooks Library at Central Washington University. The article also discusses the Ellensburg Ski Club that existed in the 1930s, and its ski area in Robinson Canyon, and contains historic photos from the University\u27s Archives and Special Collections.https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/local_authors/1006/thumbnail.jp

Ellensburg Ski Club

In 1921, the Cle Elum Ski Club was formed by local residents, led by John “Syke” Bresko, opening what has been called the first organized ski area west of Denver, “a skiers paradise,” that attracted between 100 - 400 locals every weekend. The Club sponsored ski races, jumping competitions, carnivals, and special contests from 1924 until 1933, attracting spectators and competitors from all over the Northwest. Northern Pacific trains provided access to Cle Elum from Seattle, Ellensburg and Yakima, and Norwegian jumpers dominated the events. Sports fans from Ellensburg attended the Cle Elum tournaments from its early years.https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/local_authors/1014/thumbnail.jp

MOUNTAINEERS PATROL RACES AT SNOQUALMIE PASS: A GRAND TRADITION REVISITED

In February 2014, the Mountaineers recreated one of the club’s grand traditions by holding the first Patrol Race since 1941, an 18.5 mile cross-country event along the crest of the Cascades between its two lodges, Snoqualmie Lodge and Meany Ski Hut at Martin near Stampede Pass. The race was variously reported to be 18, 18.5 or 20 miles long. From 1930 to 1941, three man patrol teams competed in the event that was based on military patrol races which were common in Europe. Initially the race was just for club members, but beginning in 1936, Open Patrol Races were held in which teams from clubs associated with the Pacific Northwest Ski Association could participate. Competitors had to carry a 12 pound pack containing prescribed equipment.https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/local_authors/1009/thumbnail.jp

EARLY SKIING ON SNOQUALMIE PASS: THE OPENING OF THE MILWAUKEE SKI BOWL IN THE WINTER OF 1938 CHANGED LOCAL SKIING

The late 1930s were exciting times for Pacific Northwest skiers. The opening of the country’s first destination ski resort in Sun Valley, Idaho in 1936, by the Union Pacific Railroad, where the chair lift was invented and first installed, changed the ski industry forever and the area attracted skiers from all over the world. Seattle newspapers regularly reported on local skiers traveling by train to Sun Valley to enjoy the attractions if this international resort. Western Washington skiing was organized around private ski clubs, and ski racing competitions were held most weekends in many areas accessible by car, including Mount Rainier, Mount Baker, Cayuse Pass, and Snoqualmie Pass. The drives to these ski areas on two-lane icy roads was difficult and required a real commitment to the sport. Ski jumping was one of regular competitive events, reflecting the sport’s Scandinavian influence. The University of Washington had one of the dominant ski teams in the West, and high schools had organized ski clubs. The high degree of interest in skiing can be seen by the extensive coverage of the sport in local newspapers.https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/local_authors/1007/thumbnail.jp

SIGURD HALL - SKI RACER & MOUNTAINEER Northwest Four-Way Ski Champion A Life Tragically Ended too Soon in the Silver Skis Race on Mt. Rainier in 1940

Sigurd Hall was one of the Northwest’s best ski racers and mountaineers when he met his untimely death in the Silver Skis Race on Mount Rainier on April 13, 1940. Born in Norway in 1910 as Sigurd Hoel, Sigurd immigrated to the United States in 1929, to earn money to support his family, intending to stay for five years. However, stayed in this country, became a U.S. citizen in 1935, and made his skiing and mountaineering reputation in Washington State. Sigurd Hall was first mentioned as a ski racer in the Seattle Times in 1937. Hall was a member of the Mountaineers, and initially competed in cross-country. Later, Hall became the one of the best Four-Way skiers in the United States, competing for the Seattle Ski Club.https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/local_authors/1012/thumbnail.jp

WINTER SPORTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON: 1934 - 1950

An Excerpt from Early Skiing on Snoqualmie Pass Written for the Husky Winter Sports Club. Skiing at the University of Washington goes back to January 1934, when the University of Washington Ski Club formed with a membership of 100 men and women. The club developed a race course at Paradise on Mt. Rainier, rented a cabin at Paradise for the season, and formed a ski team that trained at Paradise and Snoqualmie Summit. The University Book Store ran a bus to Paradise on weekends in 1934, and in 1936, rented ski equipment and offered a bus service from Seattle to Snoqualmie Pass on Sundays. The Washington Ski Team dominated west coast competition during the 1930s and early 1940s, regularly winning Pacific Coast Championships. University of Washington skiers competed in many of the country’s major races, with racers such as John Woodward, Darroch Crookes, Bill Redlin, David Fairies, Gus Raaum and others establishing national reputations.https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/local_authors/1010/thumbnail.jp

Ski Lifts, Inc. Bring Tows to the Northwest

In the fall of 1937, Ski Lifts, Inc., owned by James Parker, Chauncey Griggs and others, built rope tows at Snoqualmie Summit, Mount Rainier and Mount Baker, bringing the latest in ski technology to the northwest. Those lifts transformed local skiing, as skiers no longer had to hike up hills with skins on their skis for a short run down, but could ride to the top and take what seemed like unlimited runs throughout the day.https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/local_authors/1015/thumbnail.jp

SEATTLE’S MUNICIPAL SKI PARK AT SNOQUALMIE SUMMIT 1934-1940

The Seattle Park Board opened its Municipal Ski Park at Snoqualmie Summit in January 1934, on U.S. Forest Service land, and operated it as a park facility through the ski season of 1940. This was likely the only municipally owned and operated ski area in the country at the time. The Ski Park was made possible by the availability of federal funds under programs adopted by the Roosevelt Administration to put people back to work in the Great Depression, and reflects how skiing had grown in popularity in the Northwest by the early 1930s.https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/local_authors/1008/thumbnail.jp