Securities Regulation: SEC Brands Sales Reward Interpositioning a Breach of Fiduciary Duty and Antifraud Violation

The report analyzes governance forms (primarily organization and financing) for the planning and realization of cross-border transport infrastructure projects in the Öresund region. The study is nased on analyses related to the current Öresund Bridge and the planned and proposed new fixed links in the Öresund Region; the Helsingborg-Elsinore-connection (HH-link) and the metro-line extension Copenhagen-Malmoe. The project has been financed by Region Skåne as part of the EU-funded Baltic Sea Region TransGovernance-project.QC 20140613</p

Development of a method for mapping the highest coastline in Sweden using breaklines extracted from high resolution digital elevation models

[b]Utveckling av en metod för att kartera högsta kustlinjen i Sverige med hjälp av brytlinjer extraherade från högupplösta höjdmodeller[/b] Högsta kustlinjens (HK) geografiska läge i landskapet markerar gränsen mellan subakvatiskt och supraakvatiskt avsatta sediment. Idag varierar HKs höjd över havet från några få m.ö.h. i Skåne till omkring 289 m.ö.h. i Ångermanland på grund av den glacialisostatiska landhöjningen. Högkvalitativ HK-data är av intresse bland annat vid markanvändnings- och samhällsplanering och vid rekonstruktion av historiska havsnivåer och händelser i Östersjöns havsbassäng. Den här studien har undersökt möjligheten att använda brytlinjer i terrängen, extraherade från så kallade ”land surface parameters” (LSPs) som genererats ur högupplöst höjddata, för att automatisera karteringen av HK i svallade områden i Sverige. För att uppskatta lämpliga skaldimensioner som framhäver terrängbrytlinjer av intresse för studien testades ett intervall av fönsterstorlekar för terrängparameterberäkningarna. Fyra stycken semi-automatiserade metoder för att extrahera brytlinjer baserade på markytans krökning utvecklades i ESRIs ArcGIS 10.2.2 for Desktop och tillämpades på två pilotområden i Sverige. Metoderna är uppbyggda av ett gemensamt steg där brytlinjerna extraheras och ett individuellt steg där brytlinjerna klassificeras med olika grad av automation. För att jämföra HK-kartorna genererade från de utvecklade metoderna med HK-kartor som manuellt karterats från högupplösta terrängskuggningskartor och med HK-data som idag finns tillgänglig hos Sveriges geologiska undersökning (SGU) beräknades klassificeringsnoggrannhet och höjdfel för samtliga kartor i förhållande till referensdata. Studien fann att en 22x22m fönsterstorlek var framgångsrik för att extrahera brytlinjer av markytans krökning relaterad till strandvallar och glaciala lineationer som används för att kartera HK i pilotområdena. Noggrannhetsutvärderingen indikerar att tre av de utvecklade metoderna genererar HK-kartor med högre noggrannhet än SGUs HK-data, och liknande till högre noggrannhet än HK-kartor baserade på HK-punkter manuellt karterade från högupplösta terrängskuggningskartor. Metoderna som använder en manuell klassificering av brytlinjerna visade en högre noggrannhet än metoderna som använder en automatiserad klassificering av brytlinjerna. Denna studie visar att brytlinjer av markytans krökning genererade från högupplösta höjdmodeller kan användas för att göra kartering av HK i svallade områden mer automatiserad, strukturerad och reproducerbar samtidigt som man uppnår liknande noggrannhet som vid manuell kartering baserad på terrängskuggningskartor.[b]Development of a method for mapping the highest coastline in Sweden using breaklines extracted from high resolution digital elevation models[/b] The geospatial position of the highest coastline (HCL) defines the boundary between subaquatic and supra-aquatic deposited sediments. Today the HCL is located at different elevations throughout Sweden, a few m.a.s.l. in southern Scania to around 289 m.a.s.l. at the coast of Ångermanland, due to the glacio-isostatic rebound. High quality data of the HCL is of interest e.g. in land-use and spatial planning and when reconstructing historical sea levels and events within the Baltic Sea Basin. In this study the use of land surface parameter (LSP) breakline extraction methods applied on high resolution DEMs for automating mapping of the HCL in wave washed areas in Sweden was investigated. Appropriate scale dimensions for enhancing breaklines of interest was estimated by testing a range of moving window sizes for the LSP computations. Four semi-automated mapping methods based on curvature breakline extraction was developed in ESRI’s ArcGIS 10.2.2 for Desktop and applied on two pilot areas in Sweden. The methods consist of a common breakline extraction step and individual breakline classification steps with differing grade of automation. To compare the HCL maps generated by the developed methods with HCL maps manually mapped from high resolution hillshade maps and with the current HCL data supplied by the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) classification accuracies and elevation errors were computed using a reference data set. A 22x22m moving window size was found successful for the extraction of curvature breaklines related to wave washed features and glacial flow lineation features used to map the HCL within the pilot areas under investigation. The accuracy assessment indicates that three of the developed methods generate HCL maps with accuracies above the current HCL data provided by SGU and accuracies similar to or above HCL maps based on manually mapped HCL data points. Higher accuracies were found for the methods using a manual classification of the extracted breaklines than for the methods using an automated classification of the extracted breaklines. This study found that, by applying curvature breakline extraction methods on high resolution DEMs, HCL mapping in wave washed areas can be made more automated, structured and reproducible while still reaching similar accuracies as manual hillshade mapping methods.[b]Mapping the highest coastline using high resolution elevation data[/b] The highest position the coastline had after the last ice age is called the highest coastline (HCL). Today the HCL is located at different elevations throughout Sweden, a few m.a.s.l. in southern Scania to around 289 m.a.s.l. at the coast of Ångermanland, due to the glacio-isostatic rebound. The glacio-isostatic rebound occurs at different rates in Sweden, depending on to what extent the ground at a location was depressed by the weight of the ice-sheet. Today the HCL can be mapped by determining the elevation of relict landforms connected to the HCL e.g. the highest beach ridge formed by wave washing action of a historical sea. High quality data of the HCL is of interest e.g. in land-use and spatial planning and when reconstructing historical sea levels and events within the Baltic Sea Basin. Using a high resolution digital elevation model (DEM), landforms connected to the HCL can be identified with high precision. Manual digital mapping using a detailed DEM can be time-demanding and therefore partly automated mapping methods using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are of interest when working with large areas. This study investigates the possibilities to automate the mapping of the HCL by extracting information of landforms connected to the HCL from Sweden’s national high resolution DEM. The main aim of this study was to develop a structured and reproducible method for mapping the HCL while reaching similar accuracies as manual digital mapping methods and higher accuracies than the current HCL data available at the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU). Four mapping methods with differing automation were developed using GIS. The methods consists of two main parts: part 1 where maximum and minimum curvature information of the topography is extracted from the DEM, generating curvature breaklines which describe concave and convex surfaces of landforms, and part 2 where the breaklines are classified into landforms connected to the HCL. HCL maps produced by the developed methods were compared with manually mapped HCL maps and the HCL data supplied by the SGU. Three of the developed methods were found to generate HCL maps with the desired accuracies aimed for. Higher accuracies were found for the developed methods using a manual classification of the extracted breaklines in part 2 than for the methods using an automated classification of the breaklines. This study shows that HCL mapping, in areas where wave washed landforms are dominant, can be made more automated while still reaching similar accuracies as manual digital mapping methods

The baby-boom is over and the ageing shock awaits: populist media imagery in news-press representations of population ageing

From an international perspective, media representations of population ageing have been described as apocalyptic in character. In this article, we analyse the way population ageing is represented in three Swedish newspapers: Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter and Va¨sterbottens-Kuriren. The aim is to investigate Swedish news-press representations of population ageing and the old age identities that they offer. We conduct qualitative analyses of the articulations between the verbal content and the use of illustrations, metaphorical language, headlines and captions using the concepts offered by discourse theory. The analysis of the material shows that the studied newspapers firmly position population ageing within a wider discourse of political economy and as a threat to the concept of welfare. Growth is promoted as a self-evident means for adjusting to the expected threat. Illustrations and metaphorical language helped to constitute population ageing as a serious, dichotomised (e.g. young vs. old) and emotive (e.g. addressing anxiety and ear) problem. The analyses also show how the representations of population ageing bear some populist features, and we argue that such features support a de-politicisation of the phenomenon population ageing

Conditions for increased production of biofuels in East Middle Sweden

The purpose of this master thesis was to investigate the conditions for an increased production of rape methyl ester (RME), ethanol and biogas in co-production with the industry with the aim of increasing the regional growth in the county of Uppsala, Södermanland and Västmanland. 900 000 inhabitants live in these counties. An optimization based on linear programming was used to determine the design of the fuel production with respect to different parameters: amount of fuel, energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness and regional growth. The optimization was divided into two models where the first model excluded co-production and the second model included coproduction. The model calculated optimal allocations of agricultural land for growth of rape seed, wheat and grass for production of RME, ethanol and biogas under various conditions. The result showed that biogas is the best fuel in all optimizations except in the optimization of profit. Ethanol is produced when the profit of the production is optimized. RME is not produced in any of the five optimizations. In contrast to ethanol and RME, biogas can be produced from different waste products which don’t require agricultural land. The addition of hydrogen to the biogas process is the synergy which affects the fuel production the most. Hydrogen can be produced through electrolysis with electricity from a combined heat and power plant and this synergy increases the biogas produced from 2,4 TWh in the first model to 2,9 TWh in the second model. Furthermore, the production of biogas contributes to an increase of the gross regional product with 3,5 billion Swedish kronor and 2 300 job opportunities. Also, because of decreased emissions when replacing fossil fuels with biofuels, the national economic cost decreases 0,7 billion Swedish kronor. It is concluded that a public actor will always benefit from producing biofuels instead of buying fossil fuels. To receive the positive impacts of biogas production such as efficient use of energy, increased gross regional product and decreased national economic costs, new and/or changed economic means are required for biogas to be the best fuel when it comes to profit of the production plant.Produktion och användning av förnybara drivmedel kan, förutom att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser, även bidra med andra samhällsnyttor. Dessa drivmedel produceras ofta regionalt och kan därmed medföra en ökning av den regionala tillväxten. Syftet med denna studie var att utreda förutsättningarna för en ökad produktion av drivmedlen rapsmetylester (RME), etanol och biogas i synergi med industrin i syfte att öka den regionala tillväxten i Uppsala, Södermanlands och Västmanlands län. Biomassapotentialen för produktion av drivmedel i de tre länen sammanställdes för att optimera drivmedelsproduktionen med hjälp av linjärprogrammering. Syftet med optimeringen var att bestämma hur drivmedelsproduktionen skulle utformas med avseende på olika parametrar: maximal mängd drivmedel, nettoenergi, kostnadseffektivitet samt regional tillväxt. Optimeringen delades upp i två modeller där den första optimerade utan synergier med industrin och den andra med synergier. De synergier som identifierades var försäljning av spillvärme från etanolprocessen, rötning av drank och rapsmjöl samt produktion av vätgas med el från kraftvärme för tillsats i biogasprocessen. I båda modellerna allokerades en uppskattad, total odlingsareal i de tre länen för att odla antingen raps, vete eller vall för produktion av RME, etanol respektive biogas. Resultatet visade att biogas presterar bäst i alla optimeringar förutom vid maximering av direkt vinst. Etanol produceras vid optimering av direkt vinst, vilket beror på att marginalen mellan intäkter och kostnader är som störst för detta drivmedel. RME producerades inte i någon av de fem optimeringarna. Vätgas var den synergi som hade störst påverkan på mängden drivmedel och ökade producerad mängd biogas från 2,4 TWh i första modellen till 2,9 TWh i andra modellen. Biogas bidrog dessutom till en ökning av bruttoregionalprodukten (BRP) med maximalt 3,5 miljarder kronor och 2 300 arbetstillfällen samt en minskning av de samhällsekonomiska kostnaderna med 0,7 miljarder kronor. Direkt vinst motsvarade ungefär en tiondel av ökningen i BRP och denna är starkt beroende av styrmedel. Det står klart att det är lönsamt för en offentlig aktör att producera och använda biodrivmedel istället för att använda fossila drivmedel. För att erhålla biogasens positiva effekter relaterade till effektivt nyttjande av energi, BRP och samhällsekonomiska besparingar krävs nya och/eller förändrade styrmedel så att detta drivmedel även ger störst ekonomisk vinst i produktionen

Openness Buzz in Metropolitan Regions: Swedish Regional Development Strategies

In the networked information and knowledge society, we see a frequent use of the notions of “open” and “openness”; open source, open region, open economy, open government, open innovation. In parallel we can also observe changes of practises relating to how we produce and exchange products, information, knowledge and culture, enabled by the knowledge society, information technology and the Internet. This is the point of departure when this article examines how openness is interpreted and discussed in the three metropolitan regions of Stockholm, Göteborg and Malmö in Sweden. Accessibility as a quality of openness is found to play a particularly important role. From an institutional perspective openness is mainly discussed in relation to governance and policy, although openness may also be related to norms and culture

Masteroppgave i matematikkdidaktikk En kvalitativ undersøkelse om lærernes oppfatninger om utforskende matematikk og matematikkundervisning

Sammendrag Temaet for oppgaven er lærernes oppfatninger om utforskende matematikk i matematikkundervisning. Utforskende matematikkundervisning har fått stor plass i den nye lærerplanen, Fagfornyelsen 2020. Utforskende matematikk skiller seg ut fra tradisjonell matematikkundervisning med at her er det prosessen som er i sentrum, og ikke selve produktet og fokuset på riktig svar på en oppgave. Denne masteroppgaven undersøker læreres oppfatninger ovenfor utforskende matematikk og utforskende matematikkundervisning. Pehkonen (2003) beskriver læreres oppfatninger som et filter, ramme og veiviser innenfor planlegging og gjennomføring av matematikkundervisning. Forskning har også vist at det trengs en forstyrrelse hvis lærere skal gjøre en endring i sine oppfatninger. Basert på problemstillingen operer studien etter tre forskningsspørsmål. Spørsmålene er rettet mot hvilke oppfatninger lærere har om utforskende matematikk, i forbindelse med matematikkundervisning på mellomtrinnet. Teori og tidligere forskning benyttes for å vise til definisjoner om utforskende matematikk og oppfatninger. Dessuten vises det til ulike teorier innenfor undervisningsdidaktikk. Til slutt ser oppgaven på forskjellige typer forståelse i matematikk. Empirien som ligger til grunn for oppgaven er en kvalitativ intervjuundersøkelse med fire lærere som underviser i matematikk. Det ble gjort individuelle semistrukturerte intervjuer som er analysert ved hjelp av teoridrevet innholdsanalyse. Hovedfunnene i oppgaven viser at utforskende matematikk forstås som en berikende del av faget. Begrepene utforskende matematikk, utforskende matematikkundervisning og forståelse i matematikk henger sammen. Resultatet viser til at oppfatningene lærere har påvirker hvilken type undervisning de er komfortable med. Alle informantene har respekt, og ser nyttigheten med utforskende matematikk, men å utføre dette kan være vanskelig til tider. Dette viser at oppfatninger har en betydelig rolle når det kommer til utforskende matematikkundervisning. Nøkkelord: Utforskende matematikk, oppfatninger, forståelse i matematikk, undervisningspraksisAbstract The topic of the thesis is teachers’ beliefs about the role of inquiry-based mathematics in mathematics education. Inquiry-based mathematics teaching has been given a large place in the new curriculum, Fagfornyelsen (curriculum renewal) 2020. Inquiry-based mathematics differs from traditional mathematics teaching; here it is the process which is at the centre, and not the product itself and the focus on the correct answer to an exercise. This master's thesis investigates the teachers' beliefs towards inquiry-based mathematics and inquiry-based mathematics teaching. Pehkonen (2003) describes that teachers' beliefs are a filter, a framework and a guide for the planning and implementation of mathematics teaching. Research has also shown that a disruption is needed if teachers are to make a change in their teaching practice. Based on the topic, the study operates along three research questions. The questions are aimed at what beliefs teachers have about inquiry-based mathematics, in connection with mathematics teaching at the upper primary level (grades 5-7, age 10 to 12). Theory and previous research are used to show definitions of inquiry-based mathematics and beliefs about it. In addition, reference is made to different theories in didactics. Finally, the study looks at the different types of understanding in mathematics. The empirical basis for the study is a qualitative interview survey with four teachers of mathematics. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted which have been analyzed using theory-driven content analysis. The main findings in the thesis indicate that inquiry-based mathematics is understood as an enriching part of the subject. The terms inquiry-based mathematics, inquiry-based mathematics teaching and understanding in mathematics are connected. The results show that the beliefs teachers hold influence the type of teaching they are comfortable with. All the informants have respect for and see the usefulness of inquiry-based mathematics but applying this method can be difficult at times. This shows that beliefs have a significant role when it comes to inquiry-based mathematics teaching. Keywords: inquiry-based mathematics, beliefs, understanding in mathematics, teaching practic

Effects of dairy cow ranking order on the "antistress" hormone oxytocin, milk yield, milk flow and time spent in the milking unit in an automatic milking system

The study was carried out at the Kungsängen Research Centre, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Uppsala. The technical development in dairy production has resulted in a housing system where feeding and milking is done automatically without human contact, a so called automatic milking system. The motives for utilising an automatic milking system, is to increase the animal welfare and to decrease the need for manual labour. However, the system does involve a change for the animals, among the effects is the deprival or the diminishment of a chance for synchronous behaviour and the animals have to agree among themselves in which order they use the feeding stations and the milking unit itself. How and if this affects the animals well-being and production is yet to be solved. A possible way to form an opinion on this, is to study the animals ranking order along with hormone profiles and production. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of low- vs. high rank among diary cows in an automatic milking system. Based on the knowledge that oxytocin has an effect on the anti-stress system, blood samples were collected to find out if the hormone profiles differ between the ranking groups during rest and milking. And, when knowing these levels of oxytocin, compare it to milk yield, milk composition and milk flow. Even the duration of the cows visits in the milking unit was noted throughout the study period. The study was done in a heard with 56 Swedish red and white dairy cows that were housed in a stable with an automatic milking system. The data were collected during the period of December 1st 2001 until February 28th 2002. Twelve cows, the six highest and the six lowest in rank were selected for the experiment. Four cows of each rank were used when blood samples were collected both during milking and resting. The plasma was analysed for oxytocin using radioimmunoassay method. Milk yield, milk flow and milking time were registered every milking. Content of fat, protein and lactose, was registered once a week. The results were presented as means and standard deviation of mean to try to see if there was a pattern of difference between the two groups. A trend indicated that the low ranked cows had a higher level of oxytocin than the high ranked cows both during resting and milking. The milk yield, lactose content, mean flow and peak flow were higher for the low ranked cows. The protein content was higher for the high ranked cows. There were no big differences in fat between the two groups. The low ranked cows visited the milking unit during a longer period than the high ranked. The higher levels of oxytocin for the low ranked cows might be an indication that these cows are calmer and does not experience as much stress as the high ranked cows. If the rank has an impact on milk characteristics and on time spent in the milking unit is hard to say, but the stage of lactation is probably one factor that has a large impact on the result we got.Den tekniska utvecklingen inom mjölkproduktionen har lett fram till en inhysningsform där utfodring och mjölkning sker automatiskt utan mänsklig närvaro, ett så kallat automatiskt mjölkningssystem, AMS. Motiven för automatiserad mjölkning är främst att minska lantbrukarens arbetsbelastning samt att öka djurens välbefinnande. Systemet medför dock förändringar för djuren då de t. ex. inte i lika stor utsträckning har möjlighet att utföra beteenden synkront och djur av olika rang inom besättningen måste komma överens om tillträde till utfodringsautomater och till mjölkningsenheten. Om och hur detta påverkar djurens välbefinnande och produktion är ännu inte utrett. Ett möjligt sätt att bilda sig en uppfattning om detta är att studera djurens rang, hormonsvar (ex. oxytocinnivåer, som visats vara involverat i antistressystemet) och produktion. Syftet med studien var att studera effekten av hög respektive låg rang hos mjölkkor i ett automatiskt mjölkningssystem. Att utifrån de kända antistresseffekter hormonet oxytocin uppvisat, ta blodprover och utröna om de två rangruppernas hormonprofiler skiljer sig åt vid vila och under mjölkning. Dessutom studerades mjölkmängd, mjölksammansättning och mjölkflöden. Även kornas besökstid i mjölkningsenheten noterades. Studien utfördes på Kungsängens forskningscentrum vid Institutionen för Husdjurens Utfodring och Vård, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala. I studien ingick 56 kor av rasen svensk röd och vit boskap, SRB vilka var inhysta i ett stall med automatisk utfodring och mjölkning. Data samlades in under perioden 2001-12-01 t.o.m. 2002-02-28. Tolv kor, av vilka sex var av högst rang och sex var av lägst rang i besättningen användes i försöket. Blodprov togs vid vila och under mjölkning på åtta av försöksdjuren där ena hälften var av hög rang och andra hälften var av låg rang. Blodplasman analyserades för hormonet oxytocin med radioimmunoassay metodik. Mjölkmängd, mjölkflöde och besökstid i mjölkningsenheten registrerades under varje mjölkning. Innehåll av fett, protein och laktos i mjölken registrerades en gång per vecka. På grund av ett litet material har inga större statistiska beräkningar gjorts utan resultaten redovisas i form av medelvärden och standardavvikelser. En trend kunde urskiljas att de lågrankade korna låg högre i oxytocin både under mjölkning och under vila. De lågrankade korna låg även högre i avkastning och i mängden laktos medan de högrankade korna låg högre i mängden protein. Ingen skillnad i fettinnehåll mellan de två grupperna kunde urskiljas. Eftersom hormonet oxytocin anses vara ett antistresshormon kan de erhållna resultaten tyda på att de lågrankade korna är lugnare och inte upplever lika mycket stress som de högrankade. Rangens påverkan på mjölkkarakteristika och besökstid i mjölkningsenheten är svår att avgöra men en faktor som kan väga tungt på dessa resultat är det laktationsstadium korna befann sig i. Ytterligare forskning med större djurmaterial krävs för att kunna dra några statistiskt säkra slutsatser

Women's lived experiences of induction of labour in late- and post-term pregnancy within the Swedish post-term induction study - a phenomenological study

Purpose: There is a trend worldwide to induce pregnant women earlier. However, few studies have focused on women’s experiences. The aim was to gain a deeper understanding of women’s lived experiences of induction of labour in late- and post-term pregnancy. Methods: Phenomenology with a reflective lifeworld approach was chosen as the method. Twelve women participating in a larger study in which women were randomized to either induction of labour in week 41 or to expectant management until week 42, were interviewed one to three months after giving birth. Results: The essence is described as follows: labour becomes another journey than the intended one. The women adapted to this new journey by seeing the advantages and handing themselves over to the healthcare system, but at the same time something about giving birth could be lost. The result is further described by its four constituents: planning the unplannable, being a guest at the labour ward, someone else controlling the labour, and overshadowed by how it turned out. Conclusion: Induced labour presents a challenge to maternity personnel to support the birthing woman’s normal progress, not to rush her through labour, and to involve her in the process

Distriktssköterskans förutsättningar för att utföra en god sårvård i hemmiljö

Bakgrund: Sårvård i hemsjukvården är ett ensamarbete för distriktssköterskan som innefattar ett stort ansvar samtidigt som andelen patienter med svårläkta sår ökar. Syfte: Att undersöka vilka förutsättningar distriktssköterskan upplever är viktiga för att kunna utföra en god sårvård i hemmiljö. Metod: Studien är kvalitativ där en semistrukturerad intervjuguide användes. Åtta distriktssköterskor verksamma inom kommunal hemsjukvård i södra Sverige intervjuades. Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen gav två kategorier: distriktssköterskans reella kompetens och distriktssköterskans sociala kompetens och fyra subkategorier: erfarenhet som ett verktyg, flexibilitet i hemmiljön, god relation med patienten och gott samarbete. Slutsats: Den viktigaste förutsättningen för sårvården var distriktssköterskans erfarenhet, kunskap och kompetens. Viktigt var även att respektera patientens autonomi och ha ett gott samarbete med andra professionella kring patiente