Cooperación internacional en un mundo no ideal: el ejemplo de COVAX

The world witnessed one of the fasted responses in history to a new disease in terms of drug and vaccine development. However, despite the fact that safe and effective vaccines for COVID-19 were developed at a remarkable pace, international cooperation seems to have failed regarding the global equitable allocation of vaccines. This article explores challenges to international cooperation in global health and specifically to the fair allocation of vaccines at a global scale. We will present major obstacles to cooperative efforts and an interesting answer such as the COVAX facility, a cooperative redistribution scheme that has recently been launched by WHO, CEPI and Gavi. Considering COVAX a laudable and necessary first step to improve international cooperation in health, we nevertheless argue that the facility needs to identify key areas of potential improvement.O mundo foi testemunha de uma das respostas mais rápidas da história a uma nova doença em termos de desenvolvimento de medicamentos e vacinas. No entanto, apesar do facto de que as vacinas seguras e eficazes para COVID-19 foram desenvolvidas a um ritmo notável, a cooperação internacional parece ter falhado no que diz respeito à distribuição global equitativa de vacinas. Este artigo explora os desafios para a cooperação internacional em matéria de saúde global e, especificamente, para a distribuição justa de vacinas à escala global. Apresentaremos os principais obstáculos aos esforços cooperativos e uma resposta interessante, como o mecanismo COVAX, um esquema de redistribuição cooperativa que foi lançado recentemente pela OMS, CEPI e Gavi. Considerando o COVAX como um primeiro passo louvável e necessário para melhorar a cooperação internacional em saúde, argumentamos que o mecanismo precisa de identificar as áreas de potencial melhoria.El mundo ha sido testigo de una de las respuestas más rápidas a una nueva enfermedad, en términos de desarrollo de drogas y vacunas. Sin embargo, pese al hecho de que se han desarrollado vacunas seguras y efectivas para el COVID-19 a un paso impresionante; la cooperación internacional en relación al acceso equitativo a las vacunas parece haber fallado. Este artículo explora los desafíos a la cooperación internacional que se plantean en relación a la salud global y, específicamente, a la distribución justa de vacunas a escala global. Presentaremos algunos obstáculos a los esfuerzos cooperativos, así como también una respuesta interesante como lo es la del mecanismo COVAX, un sistema cooperativo de redistribución que ha sido recientemente introducido por la OMS, CEPI y GAVI. Aunque consideramos a COVAX un primer paso meritorio y necesario para mejorar la cooperación internacional en salud; argumentamos que el mecanismo necesita identificar áreas de mejora.Fil: Luna, Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales de América Latina. - Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales de América Latina; ArgentinaFil: Holzer, Felicitas Sofia. Universitat Zurich; Suiza. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

An ATLAS of Follies. Ah, the folly of youth!

Students contributions: Paulo Gomes, Rita Malarranha, Gislaine de Souza Alves, Beatriz Mendes, Perla Zurisadai Hernández García, José Antonio Mora Castro, Jusseline Dambiro, Débora da Silva Fernandes, Ana Catarina Peneirol, Mariana Figueira Neves, Emanuelle Cristine Nunes do Nascimento, Marcelina Terelak, Jagoda Gromek, Natalia Rusin, Agata Drwal, Maja Kozowska, Karolina Malicka, Merve Hilal Aktas, Halis Arda Özdemir, August Junge Halvorsen.The ATLAS presented in this section is the result of a call for students’ projects based on the topic FOLLIES in the public realm as objects and places of delight and pleasure and, therefore, of fun and happiness. Follies were to be thought of as urban devices that would trigger the social and cultural transformation of cities, as mechanisms for positive social change, and as attractive structures to promote encounters between people and between people and places. The UoU workshops are a place where the concepts of cultural values, public space and public place are explored through architectural interventions. Reflections on these workshops were encouraged for this section of the journal that focusses on the education of future architects, the internationalisation of teaching architecture, European universities, architectural education and finally, on architecture and sociocultural responsibilities. This topic has been explored at the University of Évora for a couple of years and it therefore informed the semester two Workshop #3b of the University of Universities (UoU) project

On the Use of Water and Methanol with Zeolites for Heat Transfer

Reducing carbon dioxide emissions has become a must in society, making it crucial to find alternatives to supply the energy demand. Adsorption-based cooling and heating technologies are receiving attention for thermal energy storage applications. In this paper, we study the adsorption of polar working fluids in hydrophobic and hydrophilic zeolites by means of experimental quasi-equilibrated temperature-programmed desorption and adsorption combined with Monte Carlo simulations. We measured and computed water and methanol adsorption isobars in high-silica HS-FAU, NaY, and NaX zeolites. We use the experimental adsorption isobars to develop a set of parameters to model the interaction between methanol and the zeolite and cations. Once we have the adsorption of these polar molecules, we use a mathematical model based on the adsorption potential theory of Dubinin-Polanyi to assess the performance of the adsorbate-working fluids for heat storage applications. We found that molecular simulations are an excellent tool for investigating energy storage applications since we can reproduce, complement, and extend experimental observations. Our results highlight the importance of controlling the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of the zeolites by changing the Al content to maximize the working conditions of the heat storage device.</p

La periferia residencial y su incidencia en la vulnerabilidad urbana del distrito de Carabayllo, 2019 caso: sectores 3, 5 y 11. Diseño de un Eco-Lodge en el sector 6 del distrito de Carabayllo, 2020

La presente investigación “LA PERIFERIA RESIDENCIAL Y SU INCIDENCIA EN LA VULNERABILIDAD URBANA DEL DISTRITO DE CARABAYLLO, 2019 CASO: SECTORES 3, 5 Y 11”, se realizó con un diseño descriptivo correlacional, entre la periferia residencial y la vulnerabilidad urbana, la muestra estuvo conformada 98 personas anexadas en los sectores elegidos para el estudio en el distrito de carabayllo, se planteó como objetivo central, describir la relación entre la periferia residencial y la vulnerabilidad urbana del distrito de Carabayllo, 2019 caso: sectores 3, 5 y 11. La metodología planteada para el objetivo central, se basó en el levantamiento de información del lugar a través de mapa base, y posterior trabajo de campo que permitió la identificación de las periferias residenciales y el grado desarrollado de este fenómeno en cada sector elegido para el estudio, además del grado de vulnerabilidad urbana de las zonas de estudio. El resultado de la investigación permitió determinar el grado periferia residencial y el grado de vulnerabilidad urbana que se desarrolló en cada sector analizado y el conjunto en general, además de la relación directamente proporcional que se daba entre ambas variables de estudio, reflejando asi un nivel de significancia alta en cuanto a su relación estadística. Como conclusión fundamental, se puede afirmar que, la pobreza es la fase crítica que ejerce un espacio, a causa de una población con poco acceso a la educación, con tasas de desempleo altos y con presencia de estancamiento social y cultural, la aparición de focos de degradación que generan espacios obsoletos e inaccesibles, además de volverlos inseguros tanto estructuralmente como el sistema social que se desarrolla en él, escases de equipamientos comunitarios, la falta de regularización urbana y ausencia de planificación previa, convierten a un sistema urbano en vulnerable; siendo este una característica intrínseca de las periferias residenciales según los resultados obtenidos tras el estudio

The human act of eating as the birth of the digital architecture

A conversation between the Editorial Committee members

Conversation on a Digital Follie

A Digital Folly (2021). A digital type based on experiential communication and learning above an administrative pool. This Folly is an “atmospheric screen” engaging its audience in its micro-knowledge. A sphere, a uniform solid where every point on its surface is equidistant from its center. This digital, nomadic educational society interacts under the umbrella of the digital canvas; a screen as a laboratory searching for extraordinary knowledge. This new canvas is the digital “filmine” where everything happens. The window of windows assembles open researches into a “Digital Follie”. Every window is a lab itself, and the assemblage acts as an exquisite cadaver. A lab of labs, collectively produced, searching for knowledge

Wave reversal mode: A new magnetization reversal mechanism in magnetic nanotubes

We have investigated the magnetic properties of 14 nm thick and 1 μm long nickel and permalloy nanotubes with external diameters of 40 and 100 nm as a function of the angle θ at which the external magnetic field is applied. Our results show that the coercivity of 40 nm diameter nickel nanotubes follows a non-monotonic behavior from θ = 0° up to θ = 60°, while that corresponding to permalloy displays an increasing monotonic trend at the same angular range. At θ = 90°, both materials evidence a sharp drop of the coercivity to zero, indicating that the reversal mechanism has changed to a pseudo-coherent rotation. On the other hand, nickel and permalloy nanotubes with 100 nm in diameter exhibit a similar angular dependence of the coercivity, reversing their magnetization through the nucleation and propagation of vortex domain walls for angles lower than 75°. For θ = 90°, a novel striking mechanism, the wave reversal mode (W), arises. This phenomenon leads to an unusual S-type shape in the hysteresis curves at those given parameters, which is until now an effect that has not been reported for these nanostructures.Fil: Raviolo, Sofia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física; ArgentinaFil: Arciniegas Jaimes, Diana Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola; ArgentinaFil: Bajales Luna, Noelia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física; ArgentinaFil: Escrig Murúa, Juan Eduardo. Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; Chile. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Chil

Emotional stability and its relationship with the psychic damage among spanish victims of gender violence

The authors wish to express their gratitude to Spain ́s Administración de Justicia , to the women participating in this study, and to the Instituto de la Mujer (Ministry of Social Affairs).Introducción: La violencia contra la mujer constituye un problema de salud pública y se ha convertido en una de las principales causas de problemas de salud en las víctimas que la sufren. Se conoce poco sobre los factores de vulnerabilidad ante estas experiencias. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la estabilidad/inestabilidad emocional como factor clave en la capacidad de afrontar una situación de violencia de género y sus consecuencias sobre la salud física y psíquica de las víctimas. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio trasversal realizado sobre una muestra de 151 mujeres españolas. Las mujeres fueron evaluadas mediante el Cuestionario de Salud General de Goldberg y el Inventario de Personalidad 16PF de Cattell. Resultados: Encontramos una relación significativa entre la estabilidad emocional y la puntuación total del Goldberg y sus cuatro subescalas de síntomas somáticos, ansiedad, adaptación socio-laboral y depresión (p<0.001). Conclusión: Niveles altos de estabilidad emocional podrían indicar fortaleza psicológica y menor vulnerabilidad, pudiendo favorecer que el daño psicológico en la mujer víctima sea menor.Introduction: Violence against women is a public health problem and has become one of the main causes of health problems in the victims who suffer. Little is known about the factors of vulnerability to these experiences. Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the emotional stability/instability as the key factor for coping with a gender violence situation and its effects on the physical and psychic health of the victims. Methods: It´s a cross-sectional study conducted on a sample of 151 spanish women. The women were evaluated using the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire and Cattells 16PF Inventory. Results: Emotional stability was found to have a significant correlation with the Total Goldberg score and with its four subscales of symptoms, anxiety, withdrawal and depression (p<.001). Conclusion: A high emotional stability can be seen as an indicator of psychological strength and less vulnerability, hence less psychological damage of the victim

Efficient Modelling of Ion Structure and Dynamics in Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskites

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are nowadays one of the most studied semiconductors due to their exceptional performance as active layers in solar cells. Although MHPs are excellent solid-state semiconductors, they are also ionic compounds, where ion migration plays a decisive role in their formation, their photovoltaic performance and their long-term stability. Given the above-mentioned complexity, molecular dynamics simulations based on classical force fields are especially suited to study MHP properties, such as lattice dynamics and ion migration. In particular, the possibility to model mixed compositions is important since they are the most relevant to optimize the optical band gap and the stability. With this intention, we employ DFT calculations and a genetic algorithm to develop a fully transferable classical force field valid for the benchmark inorganic perovskite compositional set CsPb(Br_xI_(1-x))_3 (x = 0,1/3,2/3,1). The resulting force field reproduces correctly, with a common set of parameters valid for all compositions, the experimental lattice parameter as a function of bromide/iodide ratio, the ion-ion distances and the XRD spectra of the pure and mixed structures. The simulated thermal conductivities and ion migration activation energies of the pure compounds are also in good agreement with experimental trends. Our molecular dynamics simulations make it possible to predict the compositional dependence of the ionic diffusion coefficient on bromide/iodide ratio and vacancy concentration. For vacancy concentrations of around 9 10^21 cm^-3, we obtained ionic diffusion coefficients at ambient temperature of 10^-11 and 10^-13 cm2/s for CsPbBr3 and CsPbI3, respectively. Interestingly, in comparison with the pure compounds, we predict a significantly lower activation energy for vacancy migration and faster diffusion for the mixed perovskites