Influence of milking method, storage conditions and somatic cell counts on the milk quality form tanks

Las condiciones del ordeño y almacenamiento pueden afectar a la calidad de la leche cruda. Se hizo una evaluación de la influencia del método de ordeño, las condiciones de almacenamiento y el aumento en el recuento de células somáticas (RCS) en la calidad de la leche cruda. Se realizaron evaluaciones mensuales durante un año en 21 tanques mediante el monitoreo de la temperatura de refrigeración y el tiempo de almacenamiento de la leche en el tanque. Los tanques se agruparon en tres rangos de temperatura. Se establecieron intervalos de tiempo de almacenamiento de leche en cada tanque: hasta 24 h; de 24 a 48 h; y más de 48 h. El efecto de RCS sobre la composición se evaluó en tres categorías: RCS bajo; RCS intermedio; y RCS alto. En el período analizado, solo el 10.8 % de los tanques tuvieron un RCS bajo, el 46.5 % tuvieron uno intermedio, y el 42.7 % uno alto. Hubo una correlación positiva entre el RCS y el nivel de la proteína, y una correlación negativa entre el RCS y el nivel de la lactosa. Los resultados indican que el método de ordeño no influye en la contaminación microbiana de la leche. En contraste, un mayor tiempo de almacenamiento y el aumento de la temperatura causaron un aumento en el RCS y el conteo microbiano total. Las prácticas de higiene en los hatos y los tanques estudiados requieren de mejoramiento, ya que el 42.7 % de los tanques presentaron un RCS alto y los conteos bacterianos totales presentaron valores superiores a los recomendados por la legislación.The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the milking method, the storage conditions and the SCC (Somatic Cell Count) increase on the quality of raw milk. Monthly evaluations were performed out over a year in 21 tanks by monitoring the refrigeration temperature and the storage time of the milk in the tank. The tanks were grouped into three temperature levels. Milk storage time intervals were established in each tank: up to 24 h of storage; between 24 and 48 h; and above 48 h. The effect of SCC on the composition was evaluated in three categories: Low SCC; Medium SCC; High SCC. In the analyzed period, 10.8 % presented low SCC, followed by 46.5 % with medium SCC, while 42.7 % had high SCC. There was a positive correlation between SCC and protein, and a negative correlation between SCC and lactose. It is concluded that the milking method does not influence the microbial contamination of the milk; however, longer storage time and increased temperature influenced an increase in microorganism counts in milk. In evaluating the hygienic/sanitary quality of the milk, 42.7 % had high SCC and the total bacterial counts presented values above the values recommended by legislation

Factors affecting buffalo Mozzarella cheese yield: a study using regression analysis

Abstract Cheese production such as mozzarella is affected by several factors including the processing technology (e.g., cuts, fermentation, curd stretching), as well as quantity and quality of raw materials and other ingredients. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between mozzarella cheese yield and buffalo milk composition, processing factors, and losses of whey constituents using polynomial regression and adjusted R2. All regression coefficients associated with each explanatory variable were significantly different from zero. The models explained an average of 99% of the variation in the dataset. The regression models showed that the concentration of milk components (e.g., fat, protein, casein, lactose, total solids), somatic cell score, age and acidity of the starter culture, time between curd cuts, and percentage of lost whey constituents highly influenced the mozzarella cheese yield. The buffalo dairy industry should focus on rigorous control of milk quality and processing factors to standardize and optimize mozzarella cheese yield efficiency

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Relações entre características de crescimento, de conformação e reprodutivas de animais da raça Canchim visando a proposição de critérios de seleção para fertilidade

Características reprodutivas são importantes na produção de bovinos de corte, entretanto são pouco utilizadas em programas de melhoramento genético, pois são fortemente influenciadas por fatores ambientais. Neste estudo procurou-se verificar as relações existentes entre características de crescimento, de conformação e de reprodução como proposta para definição de critério de seleção para fertilidade na raça Canchim. As características analisadas foram: idade ao primeiro parto (IPP), idade ao primeiro parto penalizada (IPPPEN), idade ao segundo parto (ISP), idade ao segundo parto penalizada (ISPPEN), ocorrência de parição até os 38 meses de idade (PP38), e circunferência escrotal (CE420), peso (PE420) e escore de conformação frigorífica (CF420) aos 420 dias de idade. As médias (± DP) das estimativas de herdabilidade foram iguais a 0,02 ± 0,01(IPP); 0,03 ± 0,01 (IPPPEN); 0,05 ± 0,04 (ISP); 0,05 ± 0,02 (ISPPEN); 0,06 ± 0,03 (PP38); 0,25 ± 0,04 (CE420), 0,30 ± 0,02 (PE420) e 0,17 ± 0,05 (CF420). As médias (± DP) das estimativas de correlação genética com PE420 foram -0,09 ± 0,20 (IPP); 0,05 ± 0,21 (IPPPEN); 0,10 ± 0,18 (ISP); 0,13 ± 0,16 (ISPPEN); -0,09 ± 0,17 (PP38), com CE420 foram -0,67 ± 0,23 (IPP); -0,50 ± 0,25 (IPPPEN); -0,33 ± 0,18 (ISP); -0,31 ± 0,25 (ISPPEN) e 0,37 ± 0,25 (PP38), e com CF420 foram -0,16 ± 0,34 (IPP), -0,33 ± 0,36 (IPPPEN), 0,16 ± 0,36 (ISP), 0,35 ± 0,35 (ISPPEN) e 0,42 ± 0,28 (PP38). Estes resultados sugerem que as características reprodutivas das fêmeas (CR) não deverão apresentar boas respostas à seleção, que a seleção para PE420 não deverá provocar mudanças nas CR, que a seleção para maior CE420 deverá melhorar as CR e que a seleção para maior CF420 deve resultar em maior PP38Reproductive traits are important to beef cattle production systems, however their use in animal breeding programs is still small, because they are strongly influenced by environmental factors. Genetic parameters of reproduction, growth and conformation traits were estimated in a Canchim population to evaluate their potential to be included as selection criteria in a breeding program. The traits studied were age at first calving (IPP), age at first calving penalized (IPPPEN), age at second calving (ISP), age at second calving penalized (ISPPEN), occurrence of calving until 38 months of age (PP38), scrotal circumference (CE420), body weight (PE420) and carcass conformation score (CF420) at 420 days of age. The mean (± SD) of the heritability estimates were 0.02 ± 0.01 (IPP); 0.03 ± 0.01 (IPPPEN); 0.05 ± 0.04 (ISP); 0.05 ± 0.02 (ISPPEN); 0.06 ± 0.03 (PP38); 0.25 ± 0.04 (CE420); 0.30 ± 0.02 (PE420) and 0,17 ± 0,05 (CF420). The mean (± SD) of the genetic correlation estimates with PE420 were -0.09 ± 0.20 (IPP); 0.05 ± 0.21 (IPPPEN); 0.10 ± 0.18 (ISP); 0.13 ± 0.16 (ISPPEN) and -0.09 ± 0.17 (PP38), with CE420 were -0.67 ± 0.23 (IPP); -0.50 ± 0.25 (IPPPEN); -0.33 ± 0.18 (ISP); -0.31 ± 0.25 (ISPPEN) and 0.37 ± 0.25 (PP38), and with CF420 were -0.16 ± 0,34 (IPP), -0.33 ± 0,36 (IPPPEN), 0.16 ± 0,36 (ISP), 0.35 ± 0,35 (ISPPEN) and 0.42 ± 0,28 (PP38). These results suggest that the female reproductive traits (RT) will not show good genetic progress through selection, that selection for PE420 should not change RT, that selection to increase CE420 should change female reproductive traits favorably, and that selection to increase CF420 should increase PP38Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Customized Polymethyl Methacrylate Implants for the Reconstruction of Craniofacial Osseous Defects

Craniofacial defects represent alterations in the anatomy and morphology of the cranial vault and the facial bones that potentially affect an individual’s psychological and social well-being. Although a variety of techniques and restorative procedures have been described for the reconstruction of the affected area, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a biocompatible and nondegradable acrylic resin-based implant, is the most widely used alloplastic material for such craniomaxillofacial reconstruction. The aim of this study was to describe a technique for aesthetic and functional preoperative customized reconstruction of craniofacial bone defects from a small series of patients offered by the Brazilian public health system. Three adult male patients attended consultation with chief complaints directly related to their individual craniofacial bone defects. With the aid of multislice computed tomography scans and subsequent fabrication of the three-dimensional craniofacial prototype, custom-made PMMA implants were fabricated preoperatively. Under general anesthesia, with access to the craniofacial defects with a coronal approach, the PMMA implants were adapted and fixated to the facial skeleton with titanium plates and screws. Postoperative evaluation demonstrated uneventful recovery and an excellent aesthetic result. Customized prefabricated PMMA implants manufactured over the rapid prototyping models proved to be effective and feasible

CORRELAÇÃO ENTRE A CONTAGEM DE CÉLULAS SOMÁTICAS E COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA NO LEITE CRU RESFRIADO EM PROPRIEDADES DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE

Due to the damage caused by subclinical mastitis in loss of production and quality of milk, the present study aimed to verify the correlation between somatic cell count (SCC) and the chemical composition of cooled raw milk collected in the Agreste region of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, in drought and rain seasons. Samples were collected in seven dairy farms during morning time, between January 2010 and March 2012, and sent to the Brazilian et of Milk Quality Laboratory (ESALQ/USP). The contents of protein, fat, lactose, casein, total solids, nonfat dry extract and urea nitrogen, besides of SCC and total bacterial count were performed. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, correlation analysis and comparison of means by Tuckey test , 5%. The average SCC was 604,000 cells/mL and had significant variation in the dry period (558 000 cells/mL) and rainy (650 000 cells/mL). The SCC was positively correlated with fat and total solids but negatively with the lactose cow’s milk of bulk tank, regardless of the season in the Agreste of Rio Grande do Norte.Devido aos prejuízos causados pela mastite subclínica na perda de produção e qualidade do leite, o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a correlação existente entre a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e a composição química do leite cru resfriado coletado na região agreste do estado do Rio Grande do Norte nos períodos de seca e chuva. As amostras foram coletadas em sete propriedades leiteiras no período da manhã, entre janeiro de 2010 e março de 2012, e encaminhadas ao Laboratório da Rede Brasileira de Qualidade do Leite (ESALQ/USP). Foram determinados os teores de proteína, gordura, lactose, caseína, sólidos totais, extrato seco desengordurado e nitrogênio ureico, além da CCS e bacteriana total. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, análise de correlação e teste de comparação de médias (Tukey a 5%). A CCS média foi de 604 mil células/mL, com variação significativa para o período seco (558 mil células/mL) e chuvoso (650 mil células/mL). A CCS correlacionou-se positivamente com os teores de gordura e sólidos totais e negativamente com os teores de lactose do leite bovino armazenado em tanque de resfriamento, independente do período, no agreste do Rio Grande do Norte