Integración de una ciclovía en la movilidad interna de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo

The Technical University of Manabi is a highly relevant higher education institution in the province of Manabi. The current road system of its main campus has been in operation for more than 30 years; during this time, the constant growth of the vehicle fleet has been evidenced along with the increase in students, professors, administrative personnel and external visitors. The objective of this research is to propose the integration of a bikeway on the university campus, to optimize the internal mobility of its academic community. The methodology considered the compilation of bibliographic information, field studies in situ in the facilities; dissemination of virtual surveys to a sample of 378 users, applied to students, professors and administrative personnel, through the Google Forms digital system; AutoCAD software was used simultaneously to propose the distribution of the cycling infrastructure and complementary suggestions, identifying two types of routes that will be developed in almost 2900 m of road. The bikeway proposal is focused on obtaining sustainable connectivity, providing efficiency, promoting safe environments and comfortable conditions for the academic community. The feasibility studies show that the university population of the Portoviejo Campus has a positive inclination towards the integration of a new transportation alternative, which constitutes a sustainable mobility policy as a pilot project in the UTM that can be replicated in other university institutions. Keywords: Bikeway, bicycle, sustainable mobility, mobility policy.La Universidad Técnica de Manabí es una institución de educación superior de gran relevancia en la provincia de Manabí. El actual sistema vial de su campus principal se ha mantenido en funcionamiento por más de 30 años; durante este tiempo se ha evidenciado el crecimiento constante del parque automotor a la par del aumento de estudiantes, docentes, personal administrativo y visitantes externos. El objetivo de la presente investigación es proponer la integración de una ciclovía en el campus universitario, para optimizar la movilidad interna de su comunidad académica. La metodología consideró la recopilación de información bibliográfica, visitas y estudios de campo in situ en las instalaciones; difusión de encuestas virtuales a una muestra de 378 usuarios, aplicada a estudiantes, docentes y personal administrativo, mediante el sistema digital de Google Formularios; se utilizó simultáneamente el software AutoCAD para proponer la distribución de la infraestructura ciclista y sugerencias complementarias, identificando dos tipos de rutas que se desarrollarán en casi 2900 m de vía. La propuesta de la ciclovía está enfocada en la obtención de una conectividad sostenible, aportando eficiencia, propiciando entornos seguros y condiciones de confort a la comunidad académica. Los estudios de factibilidad evidencian que la población universitaria del Campus Portoviejo tiene una inclinación positiva hacia la integración de una nueva alternativa de transporte, lo cual constituye una política de movilidad sustentable como un proyecto piloto en la UTM que puede ser replicado en otras instituciones universitarias. Palabras clave: Ciclovía, bicicleta, movilidad sustentable, política de movilidad. Abstract The Technical University of Manabi is a highly relevant higher education institution in the province of Manabi. The current road system of its main campus has been in operation for more than 30 years; during this time, the constant growth of the vehicle fleet has been evidenced along with the increase in students, professors, administrative personnel and external visitors. The objective of this research is to propose the integration of a bikeway on the university campus, to optimize the internal mobility of its academic community. The methodology considered the compilation of bibliographic information, field studies in situ in the facilities; dissemination of virtual surveys to a sample of 378 users, applied to students, professors and administrative personnel, through the Google Forms digital system; AutoCAD software was used simultaneously to propose the distribution of the cycling infrastructure and complementary suggestions, identifying two types of routes that will be developed in almost 2900 m of road. The bikeway proposal is focused on obtaining sustainable connectivity, providing efficiency, promoting safe environments and comfortable conditions for the academic community. The feasibility studies show that the university population of the Portoviejo Campus has a positive inclination towards the integration of a new transportation alternative, which constitutes a sustainable mobility policy as a pilot project in the UTM that can be replicated in other university institutions. Keywords: Bikeway, bicycle, sustainable mobility, mobility policy. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 04 de abril de 2022.Fecha de aceptación: 17 de junio de 2022.Fecha de publicación: 20 de junio de 2022

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

El criminal compliance como forma de prevenir los delitos empresariales y regular la responsabilidad penal de la personal jurídica en el Perú - 2019

En la actualidad, las empresas desempeñan un rol fundamental en el orden económico, pero también a la vez configuran un riesgo latente para la comisión de delitos dentro del marco de las actividades empresariales. Es por ello que, el derecho penal económico cumple un papel importante para hacer frente a la criminalidad empresarial. En el año 2016 se promulga la Ley N° 30424, Ley que regula la mal llamada responsabilidad administrativa de las personas jurídicas, puesto que, del espíritu del cuerpo normativo se desprende una responsabilidad penal de la persona jurídica. En la presente investigación se buscó determinar el rol que cumple el Criminal Compliance con respecto a la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas. Tras revisar la doctrina y consultar a grandes maestros que defienden una tesis de responsabilidad penal de la persona jurídica como son los Profesores,Klaus Tiedeman, Carlos Goméz- Jara, Jesús María Silva Sánchez,Bernd Shunemann. Juan Antonio Lascuraín y también profesores de la doctrina nacional como son el Profesor Percy García Cavero, Carlos Caro Coría y Luis Miguel Reyna Alfaro, quienes han realizado grandes aportes para una construcción de una Teoría del delito analógica para la persona jurídica. Asimismo, a lo largo de la investigación hemos advertido que no existe jurisprudencia, ni ningún precedente judicial en el que se haya sancionado penalmente a la persona jurídica bajo el marco de la referida ley. Es por ello que, para realizar un análisis basado en doctrina, pero también en la realidad peruana, hemos aplicado una entrevista a los especialistas en materia de Criminal Compliance en nuestro país, quienes han aportado para el esclarecimiento de algunos vacíos que presenta la referida ley. Con todo el trabajo antes precisado, se determinó que el Criminal Compliance es una herramienta para que las empresas gestionen adecuadamente los riesgos y puedan prevenir o detectar delitos que susciten dentro del marco de la actividad empresarial, cumpliendo con un rol de prevención, vigilancia, detección y sanción. Finalmente, se determinó que el Criminal Compliance, no podría ser de carácter obligatorio, puesto que, el núcleo de este se rige mediante la autorregulación, la debida diligencia, la auditoría interna, la gestión del código de ética y los stakeholders que deben conformar parte del Buen Gobierno Corporativo.Tesi

Sensory and dietary value of the chosen pasteurized and sterilized prepared foods

Background: Previous studies have shown that women's education is protective against corporal punishment (CP) of children. However, the effect that women's exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) has on the association between women's education and children's CP has not been studied. Objective: To understand how the interaction between women's exposure to IPV and their education level influences the occurrence of children's CP at the household level. Methods: We selected 10,156 women who had at least one child less than 16 years old from cross-sectional data from the 2006–2007 Nicaraguan Demographic and Health Survey. Children's CP was defined as the punishment of children by slapping them, hitting them with a fist, or hitting them with a rope, belt, stick, or other object. IPV was measured by using a conflict tactic scale. The WHO Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20) was used to assess the women's mental health. We computed adjusted risk ratios (ARR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Poisson regression with a robust variance estimator. Results: Women's exposure to IPV was associated with a 10–17% increase in the risk of children's CP. IPV and children's CP were associated with impaired women's mental health. Women's lifetime exposure to emotional IPV and controlling behavior by a partner significantly decreased the protective effect from women's high education level on children's CP. When women were exposed to emotional IPV, the protective effect from having a college education decreased from ARR=0.61 (95% CI 0.47–0.80) to ARR=0.98 (95% CI 0.80–1.19). A similar pattern was found among women exposed to controlling behavior by a partner, the protective effect decreased from ARR=0.71 (95% CI 0.53–0.90) to ARR=0.86 (95% CI 0.70–1.06). Conclusion: This study shows how significant gains in one positive social determinant of children's well-being can be undermined when it interacts with men's violence toward women. Policies that aim to end children's CP must include actions to end women's exposure to IPV

Origen y evolución de la moneda nicaragüense y su relación con el desarrollo económico del país. 1972-1990

Tesis (Lic. en Ciencias de la Educación y Humanidades con mención en Ciencias Sociales)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, LeónUNAN-Leó

Nanofiltración/ósmosis inversa en la separación de fármacos de efluentes

Los procesos de separación con membranas puede ser una barrera efectiva contra productos farmacéuticos y otros compuestos orgánicos presentes en fuentes de aguas. En esta investigación se presentan los resultados de la separación de ciprofloxacina (CIPRO) y sulfametoxazol (SULFA) en solución acuosa con membranas de nanofiltración (NF) y osmosis inversa (OI) a concentración en la alimentación de 5 mg/L y se valora la influencia de pH en los mecanismos de separación. Con las membranas de OI el rechazo fue de 100 % para la CIPRO y mayor de 98% para la SULFA a los pH estudiados. Para la NF el pH tuvo influencias en la separación de la SULFA obteniéndose en el rechazo el 73,7 % a pH 5 y a pH 7 y 9 mayor al 94%. En el caso de la CIPRO se obtuvieron porcentajes en el rechazo mayores al 91%. El rechazo obtenido con la solución de la mezcla de los dos fármacos no muestra cambio ya que los porcentajes de rechazos son muy próximos a los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de las drogas por separado. La presión transmembrana no dio influencia en el rechazo de los fármacos.Membrane separation processes can be an effective barrier against pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds present in water sources. This investigation presents the results of the separation of ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) and sulfamethoxazole (SULFA) in aqueous solution with nanofiltration membranes (NF) and reverse osmosis (OI) at a concentration in the feed of 5 mg / L and the influence of pH on separation mechanisms. With RO membranes, rejection was 100% for CIPRO and greater than 98% for SULFA at the studied pH. For the NF, the pH had influences on the separation of the SULFA, obtaining in the rejection 73.7% at pH 5 and at pH 7 and 9 greater than 94%. In the case of CIPRO, rejection percentages greater than 91% were obtained. The rejection obtained with the solution of the mixture of the two drugs shows no change since the percentages of rejections are very close to the results obtained in the study of the drugs separately. The transmembrane pressure did not influence the rejection of the drugs

A rubella serosurvey in postpartum women in the three regions of Peru Estudio serológico de rubéola en mujeres recién paridas en las tres regiones de Perú

OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of postpartum women aged 15-49 in Peru who are susceptible to rubella, in order to help address strategies to eliminate rubella and to prevent congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the country. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during March and April 2003 in six main regional hospitals, in the three geographic regions (coast, mountain, and jungle) of Peru. For the postpartum women who provided written informed consent, a questionnaire was administered and a blood specimen was collected. Sera were tested for rubella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody, using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent serologic assay (ELISA) kit. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were carried out to assess risk factors for susceptibility. RESULTS: In total, 1 236 postpartum women were enrolled. The overall proportion of IgG-antibody negative women was 12.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 10.9%-14.6%). Bivariate analysis found the following variables associated with susceptibility: living in the jungle region (odds ratio (OR) = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.13-2.42); age < 19 years (OR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.35-3.03); being a housewife (OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.12-2.55); and having < 11 years of education (OR = 2.12; 95% CI :1.20-3.75). Multivariate analysis found the following variables were associated with susceptibility: living in the jungle region (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.13-2.46); age < 19 years (OR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.07-2.47); having < 4 children born alive (OR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.00- 3.40); and having < 11 years of education (OR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.16-3.71). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of postpartum women at the study sites who were found to be susceptible to rubella was 12.8%, placing Peru among the countries facing a moderate level of risk for the occurrence of CRS cases. The findings suggest the need to also provide the rubella vaccine to other population groups, especially women of childbearing age.<br>OBJETIVO: Determinar la proporción de mujeres recién paridas de 15-49 años de edad susceptibles a la rubéola en Perú, a fin de contribuir a establecer estrategias para eliminar la rubéola y evitar el síndrome de rubéola congénita (SRC) en el país. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal en marzo y abril de 2003 en seis hospitales regionales principales de tres regiones geográficas (costa, sierra y selva) de Perú. A las mujeres recién paridas que dieron su consentimiento informado por escrito se les aplicó un cuestionario y se les tomó una muestra de sangre. La detección serológica de anticuerpos de la clase IgG contra rubéola se realizó mediante un ensayo inmunoenzimático comercial tipo ELISA. Se realizaron análisis con una, dos y múltiples variables para evaluar los factores de riesgo de ser susceptible a la enfermedad. RESULTADOS: En total participaron 1 236 mujeres recién paridas. La proporción de mujeres negativas a anticuerpos IgG contra rubéola fue de 12,8% (intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 10,9% a 14,6%). Según el análisis bifactorial, las variables asociadas con la vulnerabilidad a la enfermedad fueron: vivir en la región de la selva (razón de posibilidades [odds ratio, OR] = 1,65; IC95%: 1,13 a 2,42); tener menor de 19 años de edad (OR = 2,02; IC95%: 1,35 a 3,03); ser ama de casa (OR = 1,69; IC95%: 1,12 a 2,55); y tener 11 años o menos de educación (OR = 2,12; IC95%: 1,20 a 3,75). Las variables asociadas con la vulnerabilidad a la enfermedad según el análisis multifactorial fueron: vivir en la región de la selva (OR = 1,67; IC95%: 1,13 a 2,46); tener menos de 19 años de edad (OR = 1,62; IC95%: 1,07 a 2,47); tener menos de 4 niños nacidos vivos (OR = 1,85; IC95%: 1,00 a 3,40); y tener 11 años o menos de educación (OR = 2,07; IC95%: 1,16 a 3,71). CONCLUSIONES: En la zona estudiada, la proporción de mujeres recién paridas susceptibles a la rubéola fue de 12,8%, lo que coloca a Perú entre los países con riesgo moderado de tener casos de SRC. Estos resultados indican la necesidad de vacunar también contra la rubéola a otros grupos de la población, especialmente a las mujeres en edad de procrear