94 research outputs found

    Referencial de educação para os media para a educação pré-escolar, o ensino básico e o ensino secundário

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    (Excerto) A Educação para os Media é um processo pedagógico que procura capacitar os cidadãos para viverem de forma crítica e interventiva a “ecologia comunicacional” dos nossos dias. Visa aproveitar os recursos e oportunidades que os meios e redes de comunicação facultam para enriquecer o desenvolvimento pessoal e social, de modo a que cada pessoa possa conviver, aprender e trabalhar com mais qualidade. Envolve a abordagem de questões tais como: condições e possibilidades de acesso aos equipamentos e aplicações tecnológicos; diversidade e modalidades de uso dos media; capacidades de procurar, avaliar e selecionar informação relevante, de a analisar criticamente e de a aplicar de forma significativa às necessidades da vida quotidiana; capacidades para comunicar melhor consigo e com os outros. Os cidadãos, enquanto consumidores de media, confrontam-se com desafios cada vez maiores face à quantidade e à diversidade de dados e de informação, o que exige níveis de literacia cada vez mais apurados e sofisticados nesta área. Em Portugal, à semelhança do que acontece com outros países da União Europeia e da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico (OCDE), a Educação para os Media deve assumir-se como educação ao longo da vida, um processo relativamente ao qual a educação formal representa uma etapa decisiva. O presente documento visa propor um quadro de referência para o trabalho pedagógico em torno das questões da Educação para os Media na educação pré-escolar e nos ensinos básico e secundário, tomando como referência documentos análogos de diversos países, bem como tomadas de posição recentes de instituições europeias e internacionais. Cabe aqui destacar a Diretiva 2007/65/CE, do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho de 11 de dezembro de 2007, relativa ao exercício de atividades de radiodifusão televisiva (Considerando 47); a Recomendação da Comissão Europeia, de 20 de agosto de 2009 (Considerandos 11 e 16); a Comunicação da Comissão ao Parlamento Europeu, ao Conselho ao Comité Económico e Social Europeu e ao Comité das Regiões - Uma abordagem europeia da literacia mediática no ambiente digital; a Recomendação 1466 (2000) da Assembleia Parlamentar do Conselho da Europa e a Declaração de Grünwald sobre a Educação para os Media (UNESCO, 1982)

    Suggested methodology for rehabilitation of ancient masonry castles and forts on rock

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    Forts, including in this designation military castles, present high complexity due to their nature. Methodologiesfollowed in the rehabilitation of forts are briefly presented, with the emphasis on characterization of materials and rockmasses and on tests and numerical models developed for ancient forts. Studies concerning forts with Portuguese legacy arepresented. The first case is related with rehabilitation of foundations and walls of the Guimarães Castle, Portugal. Thecauses of the appearance of holes or torn threads in the exposed face of the wall and the tower of the extreme southwest ofthe castle were assessed. The intervention performed was focused on the stabilization of the rock mass and careful sealingof discontinuities in the high strength rock mass and consolidation of the most weathered fractured rock mass. The secondcase is related to forts existing at Muscat, Oman. The protection of the Jalali Fort is studied in detail. During 2007, cycloneGonu caused substantial damage to the seawall adjacent to the fort. The study addresses the redesign of the seawall.Keywords: masonry forts, rehabilitation, rock mechanics, Guimarães Castle, Jalali Fort

    Composição química e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial das folhas de Piper malacophyllum (C. Presl.) C. DC.

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    This work reports the chemical composition as well as the antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activities of the leaf essential oil from Piper malacophyllum. The oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID, GC-MS and polarimetry. Among the 28 compounds identified, (+)-camphor was the major constituent. The essential oil showed activity against most of the microorganisms tested, especially antifungal action, with a MIC of 500 µg mL-1 against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Cryptococcus neoformans. This is the first study reporting the composition and biological properties of leaf essential oil from P. malacophyllum

    MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL : A data set of terrestrial, volant, and marine mammal occurrences in P ortugal

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    Mammals are threatened worldwide, with 26% of all species being includedin the IUCN threatened categories. This overall pattern is primarily associatedwith habitat loss or degradation, and human persecution for terrestrial mam-mals, and pollution, open net fishing, climate change, and prey depletion formarine mammals. Mammals play a key role in maintaining ecosystems func-tionality and resilience, and therefore information on their distribution is cru-cial to delineate and support conservation actions. MAMMALS INPORTUGAL is a publicly available data set compiling unpublishedgeoreferenced occurrence records of 92 terrestrial, volant, and marine mam-mals in mainland Portugal and archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira thatincludes 105,026 data entries between 1873 and 2021 (72% of the data occur-ring in 2000 and 2021). The methods used to collect the data were: live obser-vations/captures (43%), sign surveys (35%), camera trapping (16%),bioacoustics surveys (4%) and radiotracking, and inquiries that represent lessthan 1% of the records. The data set includes 13 types of records: (1) burrowsjsoil moundsjtunnel, (2) capture, (3) colony, (4) dead animaljhairjskullsjjaws, (5) genetic confirmation, (6) inquiries, (7) observation of live animal (8),observation in shelters, (9) photo trappingjvideo, (10) predators dietjpelletsjpine cones/nuts, (11) scatjtrackjditch, (12) telemetry and (13) vocalizationjecholocation. The spatial uncertainty of most records ranges between 0 and100 m (76%). Rodentia (n=31,573) has the highest number of records followedby Chiroptera (n=18,857), Carnivora (n=18,594), Lagomorpha (n=17,496),Cetartiodactyla (n=11,568) and Eulipotyphla (n=7008). The data setincludes records of species classified by the IUCN as threatened(e.g.,Oryctolagus cuniculus[n=12,159],Monachus monachus[n=1,512],andLynx pardinus[n=197]). We believe that this data set may stimulate thepublication of other European countries data sets that would certainly contrib-ute to ecology and conservation-related research, and therefore assisting onthe development of more accurate and tailored conservation managementstrategies for each species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite thisdata paper when the data are used in publications.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

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    Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

    Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

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    AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

    Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

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    Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2^{2} = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2^{2} = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

    Potencial do óleo essencial de Thymus vulgaris na qualidade sanitária em sementes de Caesalpinia férrea/ Essential oil potential Thymus vulgaris on the health quality Caesalpinia ferrea seeds

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    Como na maioria das espécies florestais, a Caesalpinia ferrea vem apresentando problemas fitossanitários, por isso tem-se ampliado pesquisas com o uso de tratamentos alternativos a partir de óleos essenciais como o Thymus vulgaris L., que é responsável pela atividade antimicrobiana e influencia positivamente nos processos fisiológicos das plantas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do óleo essencial de tomilho sobre a qualidade sanitária e fisiológica em sementes de pau ferro. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Fitopatologia, localizado na Unidade Acadêmica Especializada em Ciências Agrárias – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte – UFRN/EAJ, em Macaíba-RN. Para a obtenção e extração do óleo essencial foi feita a coletada de 200 g de folhas frescas e ramos de plantas com 2 e 3 anos de idade do tomilho no horto de plantas medicinais da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte – UFRN/EAJ, em Macaíba-RN, e através do método de arraste a vapor onde foi obtido o óleo. Posteriormente, foram diluídas em água nas seguintes concentrações: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10%. As sementes de pau ferro foram adquiridas de matrizes e ao acaso, em seguida, transportadas para o Laboratório de Entomologia, onde foram feitas a avaliação sanitária pelo método Blotter test em temperatura de 25 ± 2 °C e fotoperíodo de 12 h. Após 7 dias, com auxílio de microscópio eletrônico foi feita a identificação dos fungos com ajuda da literatura especializada. De acordo com os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho, verificou-se que o extrato de T. vulgaris em todas as concentrações avaliadas, apresentou diferentes resultados, visto que quando aumenta a concentração do óleo, constatou-se a diminuição na incidência de patógenos. Comprovando que o óleo essencial de T. vulgaris tem ação específica para determinados gêneros fúngicos. A concentração de 8%, do óleo essencial de T. vulgaris obteve as menores porcentagens de Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp. e promoveram os maiores desempenhos fisiológicos em plântulas de C. ferrea

    Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

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    Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution
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