Connaissance des émissions gazeuses dans les différentes filières de gestion des effluents porcins

Cet article résume les apports du programme "Porcherie verte" dans la connaissance et la maîtrise des émissions gazeuses intervenant lors des différentes phases de l'élevage porcin. Ces émissions comprennent des gaz à effet de serre, particulièrement le méthane (CH4) et le protoxyde d'azote (N2O), ainsi que l'ammoniac (NH3), nocif pour les animaux et pour l'Homme et qui a un impact sur l'environnement en termes d'acidification et d'eutrophisation. Les émissions de NH3 ont été modélisées pour le cas des bâtiments d'élevage sur caillebottis. Ces émissions peuvent être réduites en diminuant la teneur en protéines de l'aliment distribué aux animaux ou en renouvelant fréquemment le lisier dans les bâtiments. Le traitement biologique du lisier permet aussi de réduire ces émissions, surtout en l'absence de séparation de phases. Le brassage du lisier dans les fosses de stockage les favorise au contraire. Les émissions de NH3 varient fortement en fonction du substrat utilisé pour la litière et de son mode de conduite. Pendant le compostage, elles dépendent aussi fortement des caractéristiques initiales du substrat composté, mais aussi de la technique utilisée. Les émissions de N2O sont en général plus élevées avec de la litière que sur caillebotis, mais il y a de très fortes variations en fonction de son mode de conduite. Le compostage peut aussi conduire à des émissions de N2O, tout particulièrement s'il est pratiqué en couche mince. Lors du traitement biologique des lisiers, ces émissions sont assez faibles mais dépendent de la technique d'aération utilisée. Dans le sol, les émissions de N2O ne sont pas plus importantes après apports d'effluents animaux qu'après apports de fertilisants minéraux et restent difficiles à quantifier. Les émissions de CH4 sont plus faibles sur litière que sur caillebotis. Elles sont faibles également lors du compostage, sauf s'il est réalisé en couche mince. Le traitement biologique du lisier conduit à une forte réduction des émissions par rapport à un simple stockage. Les litières et le compostage ont une excellente image de marque auprès du grand public et sont souvent réputées avoir beaucoup moins d'impact sur l'environnement que le lisier. Nous avons pu montrer cependant qu'elles génèrent en général davantage de gaz à effet de serre, que ce soit de façon directe (émissions de N2O) ou indirecte (gaspillage de fertilisants azotés dont la synthèse est très "énergivore"), et ce d'autant plus que l'on cherche à rogner sur les coûts en augmentant la densité animale ou en diminuant la quantité de paille utilisée comme substrat de compostage. De même, le traitement biologique du lisier, qui semble à première vue avoir un impact favorable puisqu'il conduit à réduire les émissions de NH3 sans trop relarguer de N2O, a en fait un bilan environnemental très défavorable du fait qu'il est très "énergivore" aussi bien directement qu'indirectement (gaspillage de fertilisants). On a là un double transfert de pollution, du sol et de l'eau vers l'atmosphère d'une part, et de l'exploitation vers l'extérieur de l'exploitation d'autre part. (Résumé d'auteur

Severe COVID-19 patients exhibit an ILC2 NKG2D⁺ population in their impaired ILC compartment.

International audienc

Connaissance du devenir des éléments à risques dans les différentes filières de gestion des effluents porcins

Cet article résume les apports du programme "Porcherie verte" dans la connaissance et la maîtrise du devenir de l'azote, du phosphore et des éléments traces métalliques qui ont, à des titres divers, un impact sur l'environnement. La diminution de la teneur en protéines de l'aliment permet de réduire fortement les quantités d'azote excrétées par les animaux. Une part importante de l'azote est éliminée sous forme gazeuse lorsque les animaux sont placés sur litière ou lorsque le lisier est composté. L'importance de ces pertes d'azote peut cependant varier fortement selon les techniques utilisées et la nature des substrats. Le traitement biologique abat la majeure partie de l'azote et certains types de stations permettent de capter le reste dans des coproduits potentiellement exportables. La bonne valorisation agronomique des effluents nécessite de bien connaître leur valeur fertilisante azotée, ce que facilite l'approche typologique mise au point dans le cadre du programme. Un certain nombre de leviers alimentaires permettent de diminuer la fraction du phosphore alimentaire qui est excrétée dans les effluents: ajustement des apports alimentaires grâce à une meilleure connaissance des besoins des animaux, amélioration de la digestibilité du phosphore alimentaire par une meilleure connaissance de sa disponibilité dans les diverses matières premières ou via l'adjonction de phytase exogène. Les traitements biologiques avec séparation de phases permettent de capter le phosphore dans des coproduits potentiellement exportables et la valeur fertilisante phosphatée des effluents est en général très élevée et facile à prédire. Les éléments traces métalliques (cuivre et zinc) sont souvent ajoutés dans l'aliment à des concentrations dépassant largement les besoins stricts des animaux (pour éviter les carences) afin de bénéficier de leur effet protecteur vis-à-vis des pathologies digestives. La supplémentation par des éléments traces métalliques est utile pendant la phase de post-sevrage, mais pas au-delà et l'adjonction de phytase microbienne à l'aliment améliore la disponibilité du zinc pour l'animal. Les traitements biologiques avec séparation de phases permettent de capter le zinc et le cuivre dans des coproduits potentiellement exportables. Après épandage, les éléments traces métalliques sont peu mobiles dans le sol alors que les apports au sol excèdent en général largement les capacités d'exportation par les plantes, ce qui peut conduire à des situations de phytotoxicité à plus ou moins long terme. En fin de compte, la manière la plus simple et la plus économique de gérer les effluents d'élevage reste d'utiliser au mieux leur valeur fertilisante, ce qui s'obtient par un bon équilibre entre la quantité d'animaux produits et la capacité des sols à recevoir leurs effluents. En l'absence d'un tel équilibre, l'abattement de l'azote excédentaire par l'utilisation de litières ou par le compostage du lisier a un impact environnemental important alors même que ces solutions ne résolvent rien en termes de phosphore et d'éléments traces métalliques. Les traitements biologiques les plus sophistiqués permettent d'éliminer le phosphore et une partie des éléments traces métalliques dans des coproduits potentiellement exportables, mais ils ont un coût économique et écologique très élevé. (Résumé d'auteur

Peripheral Innate Lymphoid Cells Are Increased in First Line Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma Patients: A Negative Correlation With Th1 Immune Responses

Several distinct innate lymphoid cell (ILC) populations have been recently identified and shown to play a critical role in the immediate immune defense. In the context of tumors, there is evidence to support a dual role for ILCs with pro-or antitumor effects, depending on the ILC subset and the type of cancer. This ambivalent role has been particularly well-described in colorectal cancer models (CRC), but the presence and the evolution of ILCs in the peripheral blood of metastatic CRC (mCRC) patients have not yet been explored. Here, we investigated the distribution of ILC subsets in 96 mCRC patients who were prospectively included in the "Epitopes-CRCO2" trial. Peripheral bloodmononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry at metastatic diagnosis and after 3-months of treatment. The treatments consisted of Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapies for 76% of the patients or Folfiri (5FU, Irinotecan) chemotherapies for 14% of patients. Compared to healthy donors, the frequency of total ILCs was dramatically increased at metastatic diagnosis. CD56(+) ILC1-like cells were expanded, whereas ILC2, NCR- ILCP and NCR+ ILCP subsets were decreased. Combined analysis with the systemic anti-telomerase hTERT Th1 CD4 response revealed that patients with low anti-TERT Th1 CD4 responses had the highest frequencies of total ILCs at diagnosis. Of those, 91% had synchronous metastases, and their median progression-free survival was 7.43 months (vs. 9.17 months for the other patients). In these patients, ILC1 and ILC2 were significantly decreased, whereas CD56(+) ILC1-like cells were significantly increased compared to patients with low frequency of total ILCs and high anti-TERT responses. After treatment, the NCR+ ILCP were further decreased irrespective of the chemotherapy regimen, whereas the balance between ILC1 and CD56(+) ILC1-like cells was modulated mainly by the Folfiri regimen in favor of ILC1. Altogether our results describe the effects of different chemotherapies on ILCs in mCRC patients. We also establish for the first time a link between frequency of ILCs and anti-tumor CD4 T cell responses in cancer patients. Thus, our study supports an interest in monitoring ILCs during cancer therapy to possibly identify predictive biomarkers in mCRC

ELFE, a database to determine greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions factors from livestock

ELFE, a database to determine greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions factors from livestock. 20. Nitrogen Workshop. Coupling C-N-P-S cycle

PPARɣ drives IL-33-dependent ILC2 pro-tumoral functions

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a critical role in protection against helminths and in diverse inflammatory diseases by responding to soluble factors such as the alarmin IL-33, that is often overexpressed in cancer. Nonetheless, regulatory factors that dictate ILC2 functions remain poorly studied. Here, we show that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is selectively expressed in ILC2s in humans and in mice, acting as a central functional regulator. Pharmacologic inhibition or genetic deletion of PPARγ in ILC2s significantly impair IL-33-induced Type-2 cytokine production and mitochondrial fitness. Further, PPARγ blockade in ILC2s disrupts their pro-tumoral effect induced by IL-33-secreting cancer cells. Lastly, genetic ablation of PPARγ in ILC2s significantly suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Our findings highlight a crucial role for PPARγ in supporting the IL-33 dependent pro-tumorigenic role of ILC2s and suggest that PPARγ can be considered as a druggable pathway in ILC2s to inhibit their effector functions. Hence, PPARγ targeting might be exploited in cancer immunotherapy and in other ILC2-driven mediated disorders, such as asthma and allergy

CD56 as a marker of an ILC1-like population with NK cell properties that is functionally impaired in AML.

An understanding of natural killer (NK) cell physiology in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has led to the use of NK cell transfer in patients, demonstrating promising clinical results. However, AML is still characterized by a high relapse rate and poor overall survival. In addition to conventional NKs that can be considered the innate counterparts of CD8 T cells, another family of innate lymphocytes has been recently described with phenotypes and functions mirroring those of helper CD4 T cells. Here, in blood and tissues, we identified a CD56+ innate cell population harboring mixed transcriptional and phenotypic attributes of conventional helper innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and lytic NK cells. These CD56+ ILC1-like cells possess strong cytotoxic capacities that are impaired in AML patients at diagnosis but are restored upon remission. Their cytotoxicity is KIR independent and relies on the expression of TRAIL, NKp30, NKp80, and NKG2A. However, the presence of leukemic blasts, HLA-E-positive cells, and/or transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) strongly affect their cytotoxic potential, at least partially by reducing the expression of cytotoxic-related molecules. Notably, CD56+ ILC1-like cells are also present in the NK cell preparations used in NK transfer-based clinical trials. Overall, we identified an NK cell-related CD56+ ILC population involved in tumor immunosurveillance in humans, and we propose that restoring their functions with anti-NKG2A antibodies and/or small molecules inhibiting TGF-β1 might represent a novel strategy for improving current immunotherapies

Reference procedures for the measurement of gaseous emissions from livestock houses and stores of animal manure.

In the ten years before the EMILI 2012 symposium, gaseous losses from animal farms became increasingly important in the m edia. The paradox of this tendency was the great number of publications, scientific or not, even though the emissions of most animal farms had never been measured. Therefor e, the development of reference tools to measure greenhouse gas and ammonia emissio ns was important. Such tools allow recognition and remuneration of the best pract ices and equipment. Accordingly, ADEME funded an international project associating several research and development organizations involved with the animal production chain. The project proposed an initial set of 18 procedures to measure ammonia and greenho use gas emissions from animal houses and manure stores. These were adapted to the diversity of animal farms found throughout the world. Some methods were compared duri ng a ?building? and a ?liquid manure? experiment. Results showed a high difference among methods (ca. 80%), much higher than the estimated uncertainty. Associat ing independent emission measurements, together with a mass balance of the system, is necessary for the reliability of further results. However, previously published references lack uncertainty estimates of measurements that conform to GUM 2008. In the coming years, this is one of the major concerns for measuring emission factor s. Uncertainty estimates should depend on the measurand (temporal: hourly, per batch, yearly; spatial: animal, house, national) and include the uncertainties associated with system representativity and temporal interpolation.Edited by Mélynda Hassouna and Nadine Guingand

Overview of manure treatment in France

International audienceIn France, and in Europe, the main manure management practice is still storage followed by manure spreading. In regions with intensive livestock farming and high manure production, treatment of manure may be essential to reduce losses of nutrients into water resources as well as to reduce gas emissions. In France, manure is treated for commercial reasons or in some regions, as a solution, mandatory or not, to limit the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) surplus. Aerobic treatment of slurry was developed in Brittany (northwest France) to reduce N flow into aquatic environments, while anaerobic treatment was introduced more recently to promote general N management and mitigate climate change. French data on the use of manure treatment are still sporadic, dispersed and not always synthesized except when government or professional organizations publish the data. The objective of this study was thus to collect all available data on the treatment of manure from cattle, pig and poultry farms for an overview of manure treatment in France. Specific surveys in 2008 showed that 12% of pig farms, 11% of poultry farms and 7.5% of cattle farms was concerned by manure treatment. For cattle farms, only questions concerning composting were asked. Responses from poultry farms showed that manure was treated mainly by composting (53.7% of farms that treated their manure), followed by drying (15.1% of farms that treated their manure), separation (2.3% farms that treated their manure). A total of 13.6% of poultry farmers who treated manure said they used another treatment but without specifying which. Treatment on pig farms accounted for 4.2 million m3 of slurry and the main type of treatment was aerobic (2.9 million m3) in large units. Physical-chemical treatment concerned 10.7% of the total volume of manure treated and 16.4% of farms that treated their manure. Composting of pig slurry with straw accounted for 5% of the volume of manure treated and lagoons for 3%. Taken together, the treatment of pig, poultry and cattle manure accounted for 12.7 million tons corresponding to 10.6% of the total annual tonnage (120 million tons). The main processes, mostly applied on the farm, were composting (8.5 million tons), aerobic treatment (2.9 million of m3 of pig slurry) and anaerobic digestion (1 million tons). Other manure treatments, including physical-chemical treatment, were less frequent (0.4 million of m3). Treated manure was mainly used to fertilize the soil and crops on the farm concerned. Manure treatment can thus be considered to be underused in France. One constraint to the expansion of anaerobic digestion is that agricultural use of the digestate requires registration or normalization to become an amendment or an organic fertilizer. Anaerobic digestion is expected expand to reach the European target of 20% of energy from renewable sources. Nevertheless, this expansion will depend on overcoming the constraint requiring registration or normalization of the use of the digestate as fertilizer. Thus, to avoid penalizing farmers, the further development or creation of collective processing platforms (composting, drying, etc.) is recommended, combined with a N recovery process that will enable the production of organic amendments and fertilizers in an easy marketable form

Le travail du comédien

Loyon René. Le travail du comédien. In: Pratiques : linguistique, littérature, didactique, n°15-16, 1977. Théâtre. pp. 159-170