Submitochondrial organization of human mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase and its implication in LBSL disease

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont eu pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension du lien entre l’aspartyl-ARNt synthétase mitochondriale (AspRSmt) humaine et le syndrome LBSL, en étudiant les propriétés de cette enzyme au niveau cellulaire. Les objectifs étaient : 1) d’explorer l’organisation de l’AspRSmt dans la mitochondrie (Chapitre 1), 2) d’identifier la forme mature de l’AspRSmt après son import, ainsi que la localisation sous-mitochondriale de cette enzyme (Chapitre 2), 3) d’évaluer l’impact de quelques mutations, impliquées dans le syndrome LBSL, sur les propriétés de l’AspRSmt (Chapitre 3). Nous avons démontré que l’AspRSmt existe sous différentes formes de produits de maturation, et qu’elle est retrouvée, au moins, dans deux complexes, suggérant potentiellement différents partenaires et/ou fonctions pour cette enzyme. Nous avons établi la localisation sous-mitochondriale de l’AspRSmt, et démontré que cette dernière est doublement localisée avec une fraction soluble et une fraction périphérique interagissant avec la membrane. Nous avons également découvert que, sous certaines conditions de stress, l’AspRSmt est relarguée de la mitochondrie et pourrait avoir un lien avec le processus d’apoptose. En outre, nous avons évalué l’impact de quelques mutations, impliquées dans le syndrome LBSL, et trouvé qu’elles n’ont pas d’effet significatif sur les propriétés de l’AspRSmt. L’ensemble des résultats souligne, d’une part, les lacunes restant à combler concernant les propriétés de l’AspRSmt dans la compréhension du lien mutations/pathologie (LBSL), et d’autre part, suggère fortement l’existence d’une éventuelle fonction non canonique (alternative) de l’AspRSmt.The aim of the PhD project was to contribute to the understanding of the link between mutations in the human mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (mt-AspRS) and LBSL disease, by studying the properties of this enzyme at the cellular level. Our objectives were: 1) to explore the organization of mt-AspRS in mitochondria (Chapter 1), 2) to identify the mature form of mt-AspRS after its import, and to characterize its submitochondrial localization (Chapter 2), 3) to assess, in cellulo, the impact of some LBSL-causing mutations on some properties of mt-AspRS (Chapter 3). We showed that mt-AspRS is processed into different mature forms, and that mt-AspRS belongs to two complexes likely suggesting different partners and/or functions. We demonstrated that mt-AspRS is dually localized with soluble and peripherally membrane-associated fractions. We also demonstrated that, under stress conditions, mt-AspRS is released outside mitochondria with a possible link to the apoptosis. Furthermore, we assessed the impact of some LBSL-causing mutation on some cellular properties of mt-AspRS, and showed that most mutations do not have a significant impact. This underscores the need for more studies about mt-AspRS properties, and strongly suggests a potential non-canonical (alternative) function of the enzyme

Organisation sous-mitochondriale de l'aspartyl-ARNt synthétase humaine et implication dans le syndrome LBSL

The aim of the PhD project was to contribute to the understanding of the link between mutations in the human mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (mt-AspRS) and LBSL disease, by studying the properties of this enzyme at the cellular level. Our objectives were: 1) to explore the organization of mt-AspRS in mitochondria (Chapter 1), 2) to identify the mature form of mt-AspRS after its import, and to characterize its submitochondrial localization (Chapter 2), 3) to assess, in cellulo, the impact of some LBSL-causing mutations on some properties of mt-AspRS (Chapter 3). We showed that mt-AspRS is processed into different mature forms, and that mt-AspRS belongs to two complexes likely suggesting different partners and/or functions. We demonstrated that mt-AspRS is dually localized with soluble and peripherally membrane-associated fractions. We also demonstrated that, under stress conditions, mt-AspRS is released outside mitochondria with a possible link to the apoptosis. Furthermore, we assessed the impact of some LBSL-causing mutation on some cellular properties of mt-AspRS, and showed that most mutations do not have a significant impact. This underscores the need for more studies about mt-AspRS properties, and strongly suggests a potential non-canonical (alternative) function of the enzyme.Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont eu pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension du lien entre l’aspartyl-ARNt synthétase mitochondriale (AspRSmt) humaine et le syndrome LBSL, en étudiant les propriétés de cette enzyme au niveau cellulaire. Les objectifs étaient : 1) d’explorer l’organisation de l’AspRSmt dans la mitochondrie (Chapitre 1), 2) d’identifier la forme mature de l’AspRSmt après son import, ainsi que la localisation sous-mitochondriale de cette enzyme (Chapitre 2), 3) d’évaluer l’impact de quelques mutations, impliquées dans le syndrome LBSL, sur les propriétés de l’AspRSmt (Chapitre 3). Nous avons démontré que l’AspRSmt existe sous différentes formes de produits de maturation, et qu’elle est retrouvée, au moins, dans deux complexes, suggérant potentiellement différents partenaires et/ou fonctions pour cette enzyme. Nous avons établi la localisation sous-mitochondriale de l’AspRSmt, et démontré que cette dernière est doublement localisée avec une fraction soluble et une fraction périphérique interagissant avec la membrane. Nous avons également découvert que, sous certaines conditions de stress, l’AspRSmt est relarguée de la mitochondrie et pourrait avoir un lien avec le processus d’apoptose. En outre, nous avons évalué l’impact de quelques mutations, impliquées dans le syndrome LBSL, et trouvé qu’elles n’ont pas d’effet significatif sur les propriétés de l’AspRSmt. L’ensemble des résultats souligne, d’une part, les lacunes restant à combler concernant les propriétés de l’AspRSmt dans la compréhension du lien mutations/pathologie (LBSL), et d’autre part, suggère fortement l’existence d’une éventuelle fonction non canonique (alternative) de l’AspRSmt

Biochemical characterization of a glycosyltransferase Gtf3 from Mycobacterium smegmatis: a case study of improved protein solubilization

International audienceGlycosyltransferases (GTs) are widely present in several organisms. These enzymes specifically transfer sugar moieties to a range of substrates. The processes of bacterial glycosylation of the cell wall and their relations with host-pathogen interactions have been studied extensively, yet the majority of mycobacterial GTs involved in the cell wall synthesis remain poorly characterized. Glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) are major class of glycolipids present on the cell wall of various mycobacterial species. They play an important role in drug resistance and host-pathogen interaction virulence. Gtf3 enzyme performs a key step in the biosynthesis of triglycosylated GPLs. Here, we describe a general procedure to achieve expression, purification, and crystallization of recombinant protein Gtf3 from Mycobacterium smegmatis using an E. coli expression system. We reported also a combined bioinformatics and biochemical methods to predict aggregation propensity and improve protein solubilization of recombinant Gtf3. NVoy, a carbohydrate-based polymer reagent, was added to prevent protein aggregation by binding to hydrophobic protein surfaces of Gtf3. Using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence quenching experiments, we also demonstrated that Gtf3-NVoy enzyme interacted with TDP and UDP nucleotide ligands. This case report proposes useful tools for the study of other glycosyltransferases which are rather difficult to characterize and crystallize

Mitochondrial Ribosome Dysfunction in Human Alveolar Type II Cells in Emphysema

Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by airspace enlargement and the destruction of alveoli. Alveolar type II (ATII) cells are very abundant in mitochondria. OXPHOS complexes are composed of proteins encoded by the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNAs are required to assemble the small and large subunits of the mitoribosome, respectively. We aimed to determine the mechanism of mitoribosome dysfunction in ATII cells in emphysema. ATII cells were isolated from control nonsmokers and smokers, and emphysema patients. Mitochondrial transcription and translation were analyzed. We also determined the miRNA expression. Decreases in ND1 and UQCRC2 expression levels were found in ATII cells in emphysema. Moreover, nuclear NDUFS1 and SDHB levels increased, and mitochondrial transcribed ND1 protein expression decreased. These results suggest an impairment of the nuclear and mitochondrial stoichiometry in this disease. We also detected low levels of the mitoribosome structural protein MRPL48 in ATII cells in emphysema. Decreased 16S rRNA expression and increased 12S rRNA levels were observed. Moreover, we analyzed miR4485-3p levels in this disease. Our results suggest a negative feedback loop between miR-4485-3p and 16S rRNA. The obtained results provide molecular mechanisms of mitoribosome dysfunction in ATII cells in emphysema

Two proteomic methodologies for defining N-termini of mature human mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

International audienceHuman mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (mt-aaRSs) are encoded in the nucleus, synthesized in the cytosol and targeted for importation into mitochondria by a N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence. This targeting sequence is presumably cleaved upon entry into the mitochondria, following a process still not fully deciphered in human, despite essential roles for the mitochondrial biogenesis. Maturation processes are indeed essential both for the release of a functional enzyme and to route correctly the protein within mitochondria. The absence of consensus sequences for cleavage sites and the discovery of possible multiple proteolytic steps render predictions of N-termini difficult. Further, the knowledge of the cleavages is key for the design of protein constructions compatible with efficient production in bacterial strains. Finally, full comprehension becomes essential because a growing number of mutations are found in genes coding for mt-aaRS. In the present study, we take advantage of proteomic methodological developments and identified, in mitochondria, three N-termini for the human mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. This first description of the co-existence of different forms opens new perspectives in the biological understanding of this enzyme. Those methods are extended to the whole set of human mt-aaRSs and methodological advice are provided for further investigations

Three human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have distinct sub-mitochondrial localizations that are unaffected by disease-associated mutations

International audienc

Sci Rep

Mutations in human mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are associated with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. The effects of these mutations on the structure and function of the enzymes remain to be established. Here, we investigate six mutants of the aspartyl-tRNA synthetase correlated with leukoencephalopathies. Our integrated strategy, combining an ensemble of biochemical and biophysical approaches, reveals that mutants are diversely affected with respect to their solubility in cellular extracts and stability in solution, but not in architecture. Mutations with mild effects on solubility occur in patients as allelic combinations whereas those with strong effects on solubility or on aminoacylation are necessarily associated with a partially functional allele. The fact that all mutations show individual molecular and cellular signatures and affect amino acids only conserved in mammals, points towards an alternative function besides aminoacylation

Idiosyncrasies in decoding mitochondrial genomes.

Mitochondria originate from the α-proteobacterial domain of life. Since this unique event occurred, mitochondrial genomes of protozoans, fungi, plants and metazoans have highly derived and diverged away from the common ancestral DNA. Present-day mitochondrial DNAs have a very reduced coding capacity. These genomes highly differ between them. Strikingly however, ATP production coupled to electron transport and translation of mitochondrial proteins are the two common functions retained in all mitochondrial DNAs. Paradoxically, most components essential for these two functions are now expressed from nuclear genes. Understanding how mitochondrial translation evolved in various eukaryotic models is essential to acquire new knowledge of mitochondrial genome expression. In this review, we provide a thorough analysis of the idiosyncrasies of mitochondrial translation as they occur between organisms. We address this by looking at mitochondrial codon usage and tRNA content. Then, we look at the aminoacyl-tRNA-forming enzymes in terms of peculiarities, dual origin, and alternate function(s). Finally we show examples of the atypical structural properties of mitochondrial tRNAs found in some organisms and the resulting adaptive tRNA-protein partnership

Conjugating Phosphospermines to siRNAs for Improved Stability in Serum, Intracellular Delivery and RNAi-Mediated Gene Silencing

siRNAs are usually formulated with cationic polymers or lipids to form supramolecular particles capable of binding and crossing the negatively charged cell membrane. However, particles hardly diffuse through tissues when administered <i>in vivo</i>. We therefore are developing cationic siRNAs, composed of an antisense sequence annealed to an oligophosphospermine-conjugated sense strand. Cationic siRNAs have been previously shown to display gene silencing activity in human cell line (Nothisen et al. <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i> <b>2009</b>). We have improved the synthesis, purification and characterization of oligospermine-oligoribonucleotide conjugates which provide cationic siRNAs with enhanced biological activity. We show data supporting their carrier-free intracellular delivery in a molecular, soluble state. Additional results on the relationship between global charge, uptake and silencing activity confirm the requirement for an overall positive charge of the conjugated siRNA in order to enter cells. Importantly, conjugated siRNAs made of natural phosphodiester nucleotides are protected from nuclease degradation by the oligophosphospermine moiety, operate through the RNAi mechanism and mediate specific gene silencing at submicromolar concentration in the presence of serum