Utilización de dos soportes para la inmovilización de la papaína

Papain was immobilized on activated carbon (AC) and on alumina (AL), with the aim of preparing low cost dietarysupplements, using whey as hydrolysed protein source. The quantifi cation of the non-adsorbed enzyme, using Lowry’smethod was used to determine the immobilization rate. The effect of the contact time and the temperature was tested,and 30 min at 250C was considered the best condition for immobilizing papain in both supports. AC showed muchhigher immobilization rates (from 95% to 99%) than AL (from 4% to 13%). The reusability of papain was evaluated bymeasuring the residual activity of the enzyme after it has been used for up to 20 times. The quantifi cation of exposurerate of phenylalanine by second derivative spectrophotometry was used to determine the enzyme activity. In this case, ALshowed better results than AC, since the activity of papain remained unchanged after 15 and 5 times, respectively.Con la intención de preparar suplementos dietéticos de bajo coste, se inmovilizó papaína en carbón activado (CA) yen alúmina, utilizando suero como fuente de proteínas hidrolizadas. Para determinar el índice de inmovilización secuantifi caron las enzimas no adsorbidas mediante el método de Lowry. Se analizó el efecto del tiempo de contactoy la temperatura, considerándose 30 min. a 25 ºC como la condición óptima para inmovilizar la papaína en ambossoportes. El CA presentó unos índices de inmovilización muy superiores (entre 95% y 99%) a los de la AL (entre4% y 13%). Para evaluar la capacidad de reutilización de la papaína se midió la actividad residual de la enzimadespués de haber sido utilizada hasta 20 veces. Para determinar la actividad de la enzima se cuantifi có el índice deexposición de la fenilalanina mediante espectrofotometría de derivada segunda. En este caso, la AL presentó mejoresresultados que el CA, ya que la actividad de la papaína seguía siendo la misma después de haber sido utilizada 15y 5 veces, respectivamente

Nursing and fuzzy logic: an integrative review Enfermería y lógica fuzzy: una revisión de integradora Enfermagem e lógica fuzzy: uma revisão integrativa

This study conducted an integrative review investigating how fuzzy logic has been used in research with the participation of nurses. The article search was carried out in the CINAHL, EMBASE, SCOPUS, PubMed and Medline databases, with no limitation on time of publication. Articles written in Portuguese, English and Spanish with themes related to nursing and fuzzy logic with the authorship or participation of nurses were included. The final sample included 21 articles from eight countries. For the purpose of analysis, the articles were distributed into categories: theory, method and model. In nursing, fuzzy logic has significantly contributed to the understanding of subjects related to: imprecision or the need of an expert; as a research method; and in the development of models or decision support systems and hard technologies. The use of fuzzy logic in nursing has shown great potential and represents a vast field for research.<br>Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar una revisión integradora investigando como la lógica fuzzy ha sido utilizada en investigaciones con participación de enfermeros. La búsqueda de los artículos fue realizada en las bases de datos CINAHL, Embase, SCOPUS, Medline y PubMed, sin especificar un intervalo de años determinado. Fueron incluidos artículos en los idiomas: portugués, inglés y castellano; con una temática relacionada a la enfermería y a la lógica fuzzy; y con autoría o participación de enfermeros. La muestra final fue de 21 artículos, de ocho países. Para el análisis, los artículos fueron distribuidos en las categorías: teoría, método y modelo. En la enfermería, la lógica fuzzy ha contribuido significativamente para la comprensión de temas relativos a la imprecisión o a la necesidad del especialista, como método de investigación y en el desarrollo de modelos o sistemas de apoyo a la decisión y de tecnologías duras. El uso de la lógica fuzzy en la enfermería ha demostrado gran potencial y representa un vasto campo para investigaciones.<br>Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar revisão integrativa, investigando como a lógica fuzzy tem sido utilizada em pesquisas com participação de enfermeiros. A busca dos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, MEDLINE e PubMed, sem intervalo de anos especificado. Foram incluídos artigos na língua portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola; com temática relacionada à enfermagem e à lógica fuzzy, e autoria ou participação de enfermeiros. A amostra final foi de 21 artigos, de oito países. Para análise, os artigos foram distribuídos nas categorias: teoria, método e modelo. Na enfermagem, a lógica fuzzy tem contribuído significativamente para a compreensão de temas relativos à imprecisão ou à necessidade do especialista, como método de pesquisa e no desenvolvimento de modelos ou sistemas de apoio à decisão e de tecnologias duras. O uso da lógica fuzzy, na enfermagem, tem demonstrado grande potencial e representa vasto campo para pesquisas

Systematics of Spiny Predatory Katydids (Tettigoniidae: Listroscelidinae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Based on Morphology and Molecular Data

<div><p>Listroscelidinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) are insectivorous Pantropical katydids whose taxonomy presents a long history of controversy, with several genera incertae sedis. This work focused on species occurring in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, one of the world's most threatened biomes. We examined material deposited in scientific collections and visited 15 conservation units from Rio de Janeiro to southern Bahia between November 2011 and January 2012, catching 104 specimens from 10 conservation units. Based on morphological and molecular data we redefined Listroscelidini, adding a new tribe, new genus and eight new species to the subfamily. Using morphological analysis, we redescribed and added new geographic records for six species, synonymized two species and built a provisional identification key for the Atlantic Forest Listroscelidinae. Molecular results suggest two new species and a new genus to be described, possibly by the fission of the genus <i>Hamayulus</i>. We also proposed a 500 bp region in the final portion of the COI to be used as a molecular barcode. Our data suggest that the Atlantic Forest Listroscelidinae are seriously endangered, because they occur in highly preserved forest remnants, show high rates of endemism and have a narrow geographic distribution. Based on our results, we suggest future collection efforts must take into account the molecular barcode data to accelerate species recognition.</p></div