Physical and anatomical properties of Hevea brasiliensis clones

Our goal was to determine physical properties and anatomical features in 33-year-old Hevea brasiliensis clones. We cut wood samples from clones LCB510, RRIM600, IAN873, IAN717 and GT1 planted in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. We used standard techniques in wood studies. We found that clones differ in basic density, volumetric shrinkage and anatomical features, with the exception of ray width. Basic density, volumetric shrinkage, fiber length, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length and vessel diameter tended to increase from pith to bark, while vessel frequency propended to decrease. We conclude that wood of the studied clones has potential for industrial use

Propiedades de la madera de Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze de 38 años basadas en el espaciamiento de la plantación

This study aimed to analyze the properties of 38-year-old Cariniana legalis wood from trees planted with three spacings between trees: 3 × 2.5, 3 × 2, and 3 × 1.5 m. Five trees were collected from each tree spacing. Discs were collected from the trunk base of each tree and at 2.5 and 5.0 m. The vessel diameter was significantly wider for a spacing of 3 x 2.5 m compared to that of 3 x 1.5 m. Basic density, apparent density, volumetric shrinkage, and natural moisture content were influenced by longitudinal position. However, fiber length and fiber wall thickness showed no significant differences. Basic density and natural moisture content were inversely proportional. Our study shows that the anatomical features of C. legalis wood were more sensitive to variations in tree spacing than its physical properties.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las propiedades de la madera árboles de Cariniana legalis de 38 años plantados con tres espaciamientos: 3 × 2.5, 3 × 2 y 3 × 1.5 m. Se cortaron cinco árboles por cada espaciamiento. Se recolectaron discos de la base del tronco de cada árbol y a  2.5 y 5.0 m. El diámetro de los vasos fue significativamente más ancho en el espaciamiento de 3 x 2.5 m en contraste con el de 3 x 1.5 m. La densidad básica, la densidad aparente, la contracción volumétrica y el contenido de humedad natural fueron influenciados por la posición longitudinal. Sin embargo, la longitud de la fibra y el grosor de la pared de la fibra no presentaron diferencias significativas. La densidad básica y el contenido de humedad natural fueron inversamente proporcionales. Nuestro estudio muestra que las características anatómicas de la madera de C. legalis fueron más sensibles a la variación del espaciamiento entre árboles que sus propiedades físicas

Radial variation of the basic density and cellular dimensions of Croton floribundus

Croton floribundus(capixingui) é encontrado nos estados de Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Paraná. Face à necessidade de novos conhecimentos das propriedades desta madeira, em condições de laboratório, objetivou-se estudar a variação radial da densidade básica e as dimensões celulares desta espécie, oriunda de população natural. De cinco árvores, com DAP médio de 20,35 cm, coletou-se um disco de 7 cm de espessura na região do DAP. Estas árvores estavam localizadas no Parque Estadual da Cantareira, do Instituto Florestal do Estado de São Paulo. De cada disco foram retiradas amostras representando as posições próximo à medula, região intermediária e próximo à casca, para o estudo da variação radial, das seguintes variáveis: densidade básica; comprimento, diâmetro e frequência de vasos; altura, largura e freqüência de raios; comprimento, diâmetro, espessura da parede e lume das fibras. Os resultados indicaram que ocorreu uma tendência de aumento no diâmetro de vasos e uma diminuição na frequência de raios no sentido medula-casca, e para as demais variáveis não ocorreu a mesma tendência.Palavras-chave: Croton floribundus; células da madeira; variação radial. AbstractRadial variation of the basic density and cellular dimensions of Croton floribundus. Croton floribundus(capixingui) is found in the States of Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná. In view of the necessity of new knowledge of the wood properties in laboratory conditions, this work aimed to study the radial variation of the basic density and cellular dimensions of this species. Discs from five trees with average DBH of 20,35 cm, with thickness of 7 cm, were collected at DBH height. The trees came from the Cantareira State Park, property of the Forestry Institute of Sao Paulo State. From each disc, samples were removed, representing the positions pith, intermediate and bark, to study the radial variation of the following variables: basic density; length, diameter, and vessels frequency; length, width, and rays frequency; wall length, diameter, and thickness; and lumen diameter. The results indicated that occurred an increase tendency in the vessels diameter and reduction in the ray frequency from the pith to the bark; the other variables did not show this trend.Keywords:Croton floribundus; wood cells; pith-bark variation. Croton floribundus(capixingui) is found in the States of Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná. In view of the necessity of new knowledge of the wood properties in laboratory conditions, this work aimed to study the radial variation of the basic density and cellular dimensions of this species. Discs from five trees with average DBH of 20,35 cm, with thickness of 7 cm, were collected at DBH height. The trees came from the Cantareira State Park, property of the Forestry Institute of Sao Paulo State. From each disc, samples were removed, representing the positions pith, intermediate and bark, to study the radial variation of the following variables: basic density; length, diameter, and vessels frequency; length, width, and rays frequency; wall length, diameter, and thickness; and lumen diameter. The results indicated that occurred an increase tendency in the vessels diameter and reduction in the ray frequency from the pith to the bark; the other variables did not show this trend

Diferenças anatômicas e nos anéis de crescimento em árvores de duas procedências de Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arráb. ex Steud. (Boraginaceae)

The parental effect on wood anatomy and growth rings of Cordia trichotoma trees was studied. Tree seeds of two provenances (Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes) were collected in 1986. Seedlings were planted, and after 25 years, twelve wood disks were collected from six trees from each provenance. Anatomical features and growth rings were analyzed according to standard techniques. Qualitative anatomy of wood indicated similarities between the two provenances, except for the presence of geniculate vessels found in woods from the Cerrado. However, the greatest differences in wood anatomy were quantitative. Provenances from Cerrado had wood with shorter vessel and fibers elements, less fiber lumen, less parenchyma per mm2, and more vessels per group than did provenances from the Atlantic Forest. Cross dating among the radial growth ring series was performed through visual and statistical procedures. The relationships between tree rings and meteorological records were performed through Pearson's correlation, and through dendro-climatic analysis that identified the end summer precipitation as the major factor affecting tree growth at inter annual timescale. The standard chronologies of tree-ring width series showed similarity between Cerrado and Atlantic Forest provenances, but with small differences in the juvenile period of live of trees. The rains that decreased between April and June associated with the gradual decrease in temperature may have reduced the cambial activity and caused the formation of tree rings with small differences between the two provenances. The results of this study are relevant for climate adaptive forestry: they emphasize the importance of heritability in the plasticity of certain features of wood anatomy related to the environmental conditions in which they grow, while the growth rate and its year-by-year variability show small differences.O efeito parental na anatomia da madeira e nos anéis de crescimento de árvores de Cordia trichotoma foi estudado. Sementes de árvores de duas procedências (biomas Cerrado e Mata Atlântica) foram coletadas em 1986. Mudas foram plantadas e após 25 anos foram cortados doze discos de madeira de seis árvores de cada procedência. Características anatômicas e dos anéis de crescimento foram analisados de acordo com técnicas padrão. A anatomia qualitativa da madeira indicou semelhanças entre as duas procedências, exceto pela presença de vasos geniculados encontrados em madeiras do Cerrado. No entanto, as maiores diferenças na anatomia da madeira foram quantitativas. As procedentes do Cerrado apresentaram madeira com elementos de vasos e fibras mais curtos, fibras com menor lume, menor porcentagem de parênquima por mm2 e mais vasos por grupo do que as procedentes da Mata Atlântica. A datação cruzada entre as séries de anéis de crescimento radial foi realizada por meio de procedimentos visuais e estatísticos. As relações entre os anéis das árvores e os registros meteorológicos foram realizadas por meio da correlação de Pearson, e por análise dendroclimática foi identificada a precipitação do final do verão como o principal fator que afeta o crescimento das árvores na escala de tempo interanual. As cronologias padrão das séries de larguras de anéis das árvores mostraram similaridade entre as procedências do Cerrado e da Mata Atlântica, mas com pequenas diferenças no período juvenil de vida das árvores. As chuvas que diminuíram entre abril e junho associadas à diminuição gradativa da temperatura podem ter reduzido a atividade cambial e ocasionado a formação de anéis das árvores com pequenas diferenças entre as duas procedências. Os resultados deste estudo são relevantes para a silvicultura adaptativa ao clima, e enfatizam a importância da herdabilidade na plasticidade de certas características da anatomia da madeira relacionadas às condições ambientais em que crescem, e a taxa de crescimento e sua variabilidade ano a ano também mostram pequenas diferenças.Fil: Longui, Eduardo Luiz. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; BrasilFil: Caum, Caroline. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Tomazello Filho, Mario. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Lisi, Claudio Sergio. Universidade Federal de Sergipe; BrasilFil: Roig Junent, Fidel Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentina. Universidad Mayor; ChileFil: Marcati, Carmen Regina. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasi

Wood quality of 10 clonal progenies of rubber tree as raw material for bioenergy

The use of wood as a bioenergetic source requires knowledge of its technical properties. The rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis has an economic life cycle of 25 to 30 years in Brazil. It is used for extracting rubber and generating residual wood for fuel. Our goal was to characterize the wood quality of 10 clonal progenies as a source of raw material for bioenergy. Ten clonal progenies of 12-year-old Hevea brasiliensis from an experimental planting in Selvíria municipality were evaluated. Three trees per clone were evaluated for individual properties of Higher Heating Value, immediate chemical analysis, chemical composition, fiber dimensions, thermogravimetric analysis of wood under nitrogen atmosphere and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrosocopy analysis. We highlight clone IAC 311 for fuel because it presents elevated Higher Heating Value and fixed carbon and less volatile material. However, the other genetic materials studied also meet the specifications for energy use and can be highly viable given their physical, chemical, energy, and thermal properties

ESTRUTURA DO LENHO DE Plathymenia reticulata E ALGUMAS IMPLICAÇÕES NA EFICIÊNCIA HIDRÁULICA E RESISTÊNCIA MECÂNICA

  Investigou-se a variação anatômica, velocidade de propagação do som (v), densidade aparente (ρap) e módulo de elasticidade dinâmico (MOEd) na madeira de Plathymenia reticulata. Verificou-se como as variações nessas características podem influenciar na eficiência hidráulica e resistência mecânica. Para a anatomia, empregaram-se as metodologias usuais, a (v) foi medida com equipamento de ultrassom, a (ρap) foi determinada pelo método da balança hidrostática, e a partir dos valores de (v) e (ρap) foi calculado o (MOEd). O diâmetro de vasos aumentou na direção da casca, o que deve acarretar melhor eficiência hidráulica. A frequência de vasos e o MOEd correlacionaram-se negativamente na região da medula, indicando madeira mais flexível e mais resistente à ação dos ventos. Raios mais frequentes diminuem a (v), e como esta também indica a rigidez, regiões com maior frequência de raios apresentam maior flexibilidade. Fibras com paredes mais espessas na base do fuste podem aumentar a resistência das árvores ao receberem uma carga extra. A relação negativa entre ρap e lume das fibras deve-se ao fato de o lume representar espaços vazios que não contribuem na massa. Raios mais largos na direção da casca podem auxiliar no armazenamento de amido, que, quando hidrolisado, também atua na recuperação de vasos embolizados.Palavras-chave: Amarelinho; anatomia da madeira; propriedades da madeira; variação axial; variação radial. AbstractWood structure of Plathymenia reticulata and some implications on hydraulic efficiency and mechanical strength. We investigated the anatomical variation, speed of sound propagation (v), specific gravity (ρap) and dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) in the wood of Plathymenia reticulate Benth. The aim was to determine how variations in these characteristics may influence the hydraulic efficiency and mechanical strength. The anatomical features were analyzed according to usual techniques; (v) was measured with ultrasound equipment, (ρap) was determined with “balança hidrostática” method and from (v) and (ρap) values was calculated (MOEd). The results showed that increase in vessel diameter from pith to bark can result in better hydraulic efficiency. The negative correlation between vessels frequency and MOEd in the pith indicates more flexible wood, contributing to the resistance of young tree to wind action. Rays more frequent decreased (v), as this is also an indication of stiffness; regions with the highest ray frequency provide higher flexibility. Fibers with thicker walls at the base of the stem can increase the tree resistance when they receive an extra load. The negative relationship between ρap and fibers lumen is due increase in empty spaces that no contributed in wood mass. Wider rays in the bark direction can contributed in the storage of starch, which when hydrolyzed can retrieve embolized vessels.Keywords: Amarelinho; wood anatomy; wood properties; axial variation; radial variation.  We investigated the anatomical variation, speed of sound propagation (v), specific gravity (ρap) and dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) in the wood of Plathymenia reticulate Benth. The aim was to determine how variations in these characteristics may influence the hydraulic efficiency and mechanical strength. The anatomical features were analyzed according to usual techniques; (v) was measured with ultrasound equipment, (ρap) was determined with “balança hidrostática” method and from (v) and (ρap) values was calculated (MOEd). The results showed that increase in vessel diameter from pith to bark can result in better hydraulic efficiency. The negative correlation between vessels frequency and MOEd in the pith indicates more flexible wood, contributing to the resistance of young tree to wind action. Rays more frequent decreased (v), as this is also an indication of stiffness; regions with the highest ray frequency provide higher flexibility. Fibers with thicker walls at the base of the stem can increase the tree resistance when they receive an extra load. The negative relationship between ρap and fibers lumen is due increase in empty spaces that no contributed in wood mass. Wider rays in the bark direction can contributed in the storage of starch, which when hydrolyzed can retrieve embolized vessels

Soil chemical attributes in native and exotic forest cover in source of Batatais State Forest, São Paulo, Brazil / Atributos químicos do solo em coberturas florestais nativas e exóticas no manancial da Floresta Estadual de Batatais, São Paulo, Brasil

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a homogeneidade das amostras de solo das árvores nativas plantadas há 20 anos na Floresta Estadual de Batatais em comparação com outros usos/ocupação. Ao longo da projeção da copa de oito espécies nativas foram coletadas amostras compostas de solo na profundidade 0-0,20 m, que foram avaliadas junto com o solo de outros estudos com árvores de progênies de Eucalyptus pellita, de E. tereticornis e do plantio comercial de Pinus caribaea hondurensis e P. c. bahamensis. A análise multivariada dos atributos do solo das espécies nativas restou não significativa, indicando a homogeneidade do solo na área de estudo, restando a expressão genética das espécies para outras variáveis dendrométricas e de qualidade da madeira a serem estudadas. Por outro lado, a análise multivariada das espécies nativas com as de Eucalyptus e Pinus resultaram altamente significativas, mostrando que existe diferença dos atributos do solo em relação aos diferentes usos/ocupações. Os Eucalyptus apresentam maior teor de bases que o Pinus e o Florestamento, em áreas com menor acidez potencial e maior capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), restando à área com Florestamento maior acidez potencial e menor CTC

Differences in anatomy and potential hydraulic conductivity between root and stem of Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Fabaceae)

We investigated the root and stem wood of Caesalpinia echinata Lam. to test the hypothesis that there are anatomical and water conductivity differences between both organs. Three trees about 20 years old were sampled in the Reserva Biológica de Mogi Guaçu, São Paulo State, Brazil. We observed quantitative anatomical differences between the root, heartwood, and sapwood of C. echinata that result in differences in water conductivity. The sapwood has higher potential hydraulic conductivity than the heartwood (when functional), and root. The higher proportion of axial parenchyma in the root could contribute to the storage of starch and water in unfavorable periods, which is important to the osmotic regulation of the daily water deficits, avoiding cavitation. The stem of C. echinata probably has a higher mechanical strength than the root due to its fibers with thicker wall