Integrated payload and mission planning, phase 3. Volume 4: Optimum utilization of Spacelab racks and pallets

The methodology to optimize the utilization of Spacelab racks and pallets and to apply this methodology to the early STS Spacelab missions was developed. A review was made of Spacelab Program requirements and flow plans, generic flow plans for racks and pallets were examined, and the principal optimization criteria and methodology were established. Interactions between schedule, inventory, and key optimization factors; schedule and cost sensitivity to optional approaches; and the development of tradeoff methodology were addressed. This methodology was then applied to early spacelab missions (1980-1982). Rack and pallet requirements and duty cycles were defined, a utilization assessment was made, and several trade studies performed involving varying degrees of Level IV integration, inventory level, and shared versus dedicated Spacelab racks and pallets

Creep curve measurement to support wear and adhesion modelling, using a continuously variable creep twin disc machine

Predictive modelling of wear and adhesion at rolling-sliding contacts such as a railway rail and wheel depends on understanding the relationship between slip and shear force at the contact surface, i.e. the creep verses force curve. This paper describes a new approach to creep curve measurement using a twin disc machine running with a continuous programmed variation of creep, enabling an entire creep curve to be defined in a single experiment. The work focuses on very low levels of creep, ranging from zero to 1%, and shows clear correlation between the creep curve gradient and the full slip friction coefficient for dry and lubricated contacts. Comparison of data generated using the new approach with that generated using multiple tests each at a single creep level shows good agreement. Comparison is also made between the twin disc data and results for full size three dimensional rail-wheel contacts to examine how two and three dimensional contact adhesion data are related. The data generated has application in wear and rolling contact fatigue modelling, but the original motivation for the research was generation of creep curves to support prediction of low adhesion conditions at the rail-wheel interface based upon monitored running conditions prior to brake application. The range of contact conditions investigated includes those experienced in service and during driver training, with the correlation found between creep curve gradient (measurable prior to braking) and full slip friction coefficient (not measurable until brakes are applied) representing a key finding

A state-of-the-art review of curve squeal noise: Phenomena, mechanisms, modelling and mitigation

[EN] Curve squeal is an intense tonal noise occurring when a rail vehicle negotiates a sharp curve. The phenomenon can be considered to be chaotic, with a widely differing likelihood of occurrence on different days or even times of day. The term curve squeal may include several different phenomena with a wide range of dominant frequencies and potentially different excitation mechanisms. This review addresses the different squeal phenomena and the approaches used to model squeal noise; both time-domain and frequency-domain approaches are discussed and compared. Supporting measurements using test rigs and field tests are also summarised. A particular aspect that is addressed is the excitation mechanism. Two mechanisms have mainly been considered in previous publications. In many early papers the squeal was supposed to be generated by the so-called falling friction characteristic in which the friction coefficient reduces with increasing sliding velocity. More recently the mode coupling mechanism has been raised as an alternative. These two mechanisms are explained and compared and the evidence for each is discussed. Finally, a short review is given of mitigation measures and some suggestions are offered for why these are not always successful.Squicciarini, G.; Thompson, D.; Ding, B.; Baeza González, LM. (2018). A state-of-the-art review of curve squeal noise: Phenomena, mechanisms, modelling and mitigation. Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. 139:3-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73411-8_1S341139Anderson, D., Wheatley, N., Fogarty, B., Jiang, J., Howie, A., Potter, W.: Mitigation of curve squeal noise in Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia. In: Conference on Railway Engineering. pp. 625–636, Perth, Australia (2008)Hanson, D., Jiang, J., Dowdell, B., Dwight, R.: Curve squeal: causes, treatments and results. In INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings, vol. 249, pp. 6316–6323. Melbourne, Australia (2014)Rudd, M.J.: Wheel/rail noise—part II: wheel squeal. J. Sound Vib. 46(3), 381–394 (1976)Remington, P.J.: Wheel/rail squeal and impact noise: what do we know? What don’t we know? Where do we go from here? J. Sound Vib. 116(2), 339–353 (1987)Remington, P.J.: Wheel/rail rolling noise: what do we know? What don’t we know? Where do we go from here? J. Sound Vib. 120(2), 203–226 (1988)Wickens, A.H.: Fundamentals of Rail Vehicle Dynamics, Guidance and Stability. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse (2003)Thompson, D.J.: Railway Noise and Vibration: Mechanisms, Modelling and Mitigation. Elsevier, Oxford (2009)Kalker, J.J.: Three Dimensional Elastic Bodies in Rolling Contact. Kluwer academic publishers, Dordrecht (1990)Vermeulen, P.J., Johnson, K.L.: Contact of nonspherical elastic bodies transmitting tangential forces. J. Appl. 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Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1985)Kinkaid, N.M., O’Reilly, O.M., Papadopoulos, P.: Automotive disc brake squeal. J. Sound Vib. 267(1), 105–166 (2003)Ghazaly, N.M., El-Sharkawy, M., Ahmed, I.: A review of automotive brake squeal mechanisms. J. Mech. Des. Vibr. 1(1), 5–9 (2013)Ouyang, H., Nack, W., Yuan, Y., Chen, F.: Numerical analysis of automotive disc brake squeal: a review. Int. J. Veh. Noise Vib. 1(3–4), 207–231 (2005)Dorf, R.C., Bishop, R.H.: Modern Control Systems, 11th edn. Prentice Hall. (2008)De Beer, F.G., Janssens, M.H.A., Kooijman, P.P., van Vliet, W.J.: Curve squeal of railbound vehicles (part 1): frequency domain calculation model. In: Proceedings of Internoise, vol. 3, pp. 1560–1563. Nice, France (2000)Von Stappenbeck, H.: Das Kurvengeräusch der Straßenbahn. Möglichkeiten zu seiner Unterdrückung. Z. VDI 96(6), 171–175 (1954)Van Ruiten, C.J.M.: Mechanism of squeal noise generated by trams. J. Sound Vib. 120(2), 245–253 (1988)Nakai, M., Chiba, Y., Yokoi, M.: Railway wheel squeal: 1st report, on frequency of squeal. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. 25, 1127–1134 (1982)Nakai, M., Chiba, Y., Yokoi, M.: Railway wheel squeal: 2nd report, mechanism of specific squeal frequency. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. 27, 301–308 (1984)Nakai, M., Chiba, Y., Yokoi, M.: Railway wheel squeal: 3rd report, squeal of a disk simulating a wheel in internal resonances. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. 28, 500–507 (1985)Schneider, E., Popp, K., Irretier, H.: Noise generation in railway wheels due to rail-wheel contact forces. J. Sound Vib. 120(2), 227–244 (1988)Kraft, K.: Der Einfluß der Fahrgeschwindigkeit auf den Haftwert zwischen Rad und Schiene. Arch. für Eisenbahntechnik 22, 58–78 (1967)Fingberg, U.: A model of wheel-rail squealing noise. J. Sound Vib. 143(3), 365–377 (1990)Périard, F.: Wheel-Rail Noise Generation: Curve Squealing by Trams. Ph.D. thesis, Technische Universiteit Delft (1998)Heckl, M.A., Abrahams, I.D.: Curve squeal of train wheels, part 1: mathematical model for its generation. J. Sound Vib. 229(3), 669–693 (2000)Heckl, M.A.: Curve squeal of train wheels, part 2: which wheel modes are prone to squeal? J. Sound Vib. 229(3), 695–707 (2000)Heckl, M.A.: Curve squeal of train wheels: unstable modes and limit cycles. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 458, 1949–1965 (2002)Liu, X., Meehan, P.A.: Wheel squeal noise: a simplified model to simulate the effect of rolling speed and angle of attack. J. Sound Vib. 338, 184–198 (2015)Meehan, P.A., Liu, X.: Analytical prediction and investigation of wheel squeal amplitude. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp 69–80. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Kooijman, P.P., Van Vliet, W.J., Janssens, M.H.A., De Beer, F.G.: Curve squeal of railbound vehicles (part 2): set-up for measurement of creepage dependent friction coefficient. In: Proceedings of Internoise, vol. 3, pp. 1564–1567. Nice, France (2000)De Beer, F.G., Janssens, M.H.A., Kooijman, P.P.: Squeal noise of rail-bound vehicles influenced by lateral contact position. J. Sound Vib. 267(3), 497–507 (2003)Thompson, D.J., Hemsworth, B., Vincent, N.: Experimental validation of the TWINS prediction program for rolling noise, part 1: description of the model and method. J. Sound Vib. 193(1), 123–135 (1996)Monk-Steel, A., Thompson, D.J.: Models for railway curve squeal noise. In: VIII International Conference on Recent Advances in Structural Dynamics, Southampton, UK (2003)Barman, J.F., Katzenelson, J.: A generalized Nyquist-type stability criterion for multivariable feedback systems. Int. J. Control 20(4), 593–622 (1974)Huang, Z.Y., Thompson, D.J., Jones, C.J.C.: Squeal prediction for a bogied vehicle in a curve. In Schulte-Werning, B., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM vol. 99, pp. 313–319. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)Hsu, S.S., Huang, Z., Iwnicki, S.D., Thompson, D.J., Jones, C.J., Xie, G., Allen, P.D.: Experimental and theoretical investigation of railway wheel squeal. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F: J. Rail Rapid Transit 221(1), 59–73 (2007)Squicciarini, G., Usberti, S., Thompson, D.J., Corradi, R., Barbera, A.: Curve squeal in the presence of two wheel/rail contact points. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 603–610. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Xie, G., Allen, P.D., Iwnicki, S.D., Alonso, A., Thompson, D.J., Jones, C.J., Huang, Z.Y.: Introduction of falling friction coefficients into curving calculations for studying curve squeal noise. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 44(sup1), 261–271 (2006)Giménez, J.G., Alonso, A., Gómez, E.: Introduction of a friction coefficient dependent on the slip in the FastSim algorithm. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 43(4), 233–244 (2005)Chiello, O., Ayasse, J.B., Vincent, N., Koch, J.R.: Curve squeal of urban rolling stock—part 3: theoretical model. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 710–727 (2006)Collette, C.: Importance of the wheel vertical dynamics in the squeal noise mechanism on a scaled test bench. Shock Vibr. 19(2), 145–153 (2012)Brunel, J.F., Dufrénoy, P., Naït, M., Muñoz, J.L., Demilly, F.: Transient models for curve squeal noise. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 758–765 (2006)Glocker, C., Cataldi-Spinola, E., Leine, R.I.: Curve squealing of trains: measurement, modelling and simulation. J. Sound Vib. 324(1), 365–386 (2009)Pieringer, A.: A numerical investigation of curve squeal in the case of constant wheel/rail friction. J. Sound Vib. 333(18), 4295–4313 (2014)Pieringer, A., Kropp, W.: A time-domain model for coupled vertical and tangential wheel/rail interaction—a contribution to the modelling of curve squeal. In: Maeda, T., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 118, pp. 221–229. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)Pieringer, A., Baeza, L., Kropp. W.: Modelling of railway curve squeal including effects of wheel rotation. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 417–424. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Zenzerovic, I., Pieringer, A., Kropp. W.: Towards an engineering model for curve squeal. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 433–440. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Zenzerovic, I., Kropp, W., Pieringer, A.: An engineering time-domain model for curve squeal: tangential point-contact model and Green’s functions approach. J. Sound Vib. 376, 149–165 (2016)Pieringer, A., Torstensson, P.T., Giner, J., Baeza, L.: Investigation of railway curve squeal using a combination of frequency- and time-domain models. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp 81–93. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Chen, G.X., Xiao, J.B., Liu, Q.Y., Zhou. Z.R.: Complex eigenvalue analysis of railway curve squeal. In: Schulte-Werning, B., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 99, pp. 433–439. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)Fourie, D.J., Gräbe, P.J., Heyns, P.S., Fröhling, R.D.: Analysis of wheel squeal due to unsteady longitudinal creepage using the complex eigenvalue method. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp 55–67. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Wang, C., Dwight, R., Li, W., Jiang, J.: Prediction on curve squeal in the case of constant wheel rail friction coefficient. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp XXX–XXX. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Ding, B., Squicciarini, G., Thompson, D.J.: Effects of rail dynamics and friction characteristics on curve squeal. In: XIII International Conference on Motion and Vibration Control and XII International Conference on Recent Advances in Structural Dynamics (MoViC/RASD), Southampton (2016)Bleedorn, T.G., Johnstone. B.: Steerable steel wheel systems and wheel noise suppression. In: Conference Rec IAS 12th Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California (1977)Koch, J.R., Vincent, N., Chollet, H., Chiello, O.: Curve squeal of urban rolling stock—part 2: parametric study on a 1/4 scale test rig. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 701–709 (2006)Logston, C.F., Itami, G.S.: Locomotive friction-creep studies. ASME J. Eng. Ind. 102(3), 275–281 (1980)Ertz, M.: Creep force laws for wheel/rail contact with temperature-dependent coefficient of friction. In: 8th Mini Conference on Vehicle System Dynamics, Identification and Anomalies, Budapest (2002)Lang, W., Roth, R.: Optimale Kraftschlussausnutzung bei Hochleistungs-Schienenfahrzeugen. Eisenbahntechnische Rundsch. 42, 61–66 (1993)Polach, O.: Creep forces in simulations of traction vehicles running on adhesion limit. Wear 258(7), 992–1000 (2005)Zhang, W., Chen, J., Wu, X., Jin, X.: Wheel/rail adhesion and analysis by using full scale roller rig. Wear 253(1), 82–88 (2002)Harrison, H., McCanney, T., Cotter, J.: Recent developments in coefficient of friction measurements at the rail/wheel interface. Wear 253(1), 114–123 (2002)Gallardo-Hernandez, E.A., Lewis, R.: Twin disc assessment of wheel/rail adhesion. Wear 265(9), 1309–1316 (2008)Fletcher, D.I., Lewis, S.: Creep curve measurement to support wear and adhesion modelling, using a continuously variable creep twin disc machine. Wear 298–299, 57–65 (2013)Fletcher, D.I.: A new two-dimensional model of rolling–sliding contact creep curves for a range of lubrication types. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J: J. Eng. Tribol. 227(6), 529–537 (2013)Matsumoto, A., Sato, Y., Ono, H., Wang, Y., Yamamoto, M., Tanimoto, M., Oka, Y.: Creep force characteristics between rail and wheel on scaled model. Wear 253(1), 199–203 (2002)Janssens, M.H.A., van Vliet, W.J., Kooijman, P.P., De Beer, F.G.: Curve squeal of railbound vehicles (part 3): measurement method and results. In: Proceedings of Internoise, vol. 3, pp. 1568–1571, Nice, France (2000)Monk-Steel, A.D., Thompson, D.J., De Beer, F.G., Janssens, M.H.A.: An investigation into the influence of longitudinal creepage on railway squeal noise due to lateral creepage. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 766–776 (2006)Liu, X., Meehan, P.A.: Investigation of the effect of lateral adhesion and rolling speed on wheel squeal noise. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F: J. Rail Rapid Transit 227(5), 469–480 (2013)Liu, X., Meehan, P.A.: Investigation of the effect of relative humidity on lateral force in rolling contact and curve squeal. Wear 310(1), 12–19 (2014)Liu, X., Meehan, P.A.: Investigation of squeal noise under positive friction characteristics condition provided by friction modifiers. J. Sound Vib. 371, 393–405 (2016)Jie, E., Kim, J.Y., Hwang, D.H., Lee, J.H., Kim, K.J., Kim, J.C.: An experimental study of squeal noise characteristics for railways using a scale model test rig. In: J. Pombo (ed.) Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Railway Technology: Research, Development and Maintenance, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy (2016)Eadie, D.T., Santoro, M., Kalousek, J.: Railway noise and the effect of top of rail liquid friction modifiers: changes in sound and vibration spectral distributions in curves. Wear 258(7), 1148–1155 (2005)Bullen, R., Jiang, J.: Algorithms for detection of rail wheel squeal. In: 20th International Congress on Acoustics 2010, ICA 2010—Incorporating Proceedings of the 2010 Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society. pp. 2212–2216 (2010)Stefanelli, R., Dual, J., Cataldi-Spinola, E.: Acoustic modelling of railway wheels and acoustic measurements to determine involved eigenmodes in the curve squealing phenomenon. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 44(sup1), 286–295 (2006)Vincent, N., Koch, J.R., Chollet, H., Guerder, J.Y.: Curve squeal of urban rolling stock—part 1: state of the art and field measurements. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 691–700 (2006)Anderson, D., Wheatley, N.: Mitigation of wheel squeal and flanging noise on the Australian network. In: Schulte-Werning, B., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 99, pp. 399–405. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)Curley, D., Anderson, D.C., Jiang, J., Hanson, D.: Field trials of gauge face lubrication and top-of-rail friction modification for curve noise mitigation. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 449–456. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Jiang, J., Hanson, D., Dowdell, B.: Wheel squeal—insights from wayside condition monitoring measurements and field trials. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp 41–53. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Jiang, J., Dwight, R., Anderson, D.: Field verification of curving noise mechanisms. In: Maeda, T., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 118, pp. 349–356. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)Jiang, J., Anderson, D.C., Dwight, R.: The mechanisms of curve squeal. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 587–594. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Fourie, D.J., Gräbe, P.J., Heyns, P.S., Fröhling, R.D.: Experimental characterisation of railway wheel squeal occurring in large-radius curves. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F: J. Rail Rapid Transit 230(6), 1561–1574 (2016)Corradi, R., Crosio, P., Manzoni, S., Squicciarini, G.: Experimental investigation on squeal noise in tramway sharp curves. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011, Leuven (2011)Merideno, I., Nieto, J., Gil-Negrete, N., Landaberea, A., Iartza, J.: Constrained layer damper modelling and performance evaluation for eliminating squeal noise in trams. Shock and Vibration (2014)Nelson J.T.: Wheel/rail noise control manual, TCRP Report 23 (1997)Krüger, F.: Schall- und Erschütterungsschutz im Schienenverkehr. Expert Verlag, Renningen (2001)Elbers, F., Verheijen, E.: Railway noise technical measures catalogue, UIC report UIC003-01-04fe (2013)Oertli, J.: Combatting curve squeal, phase II, final report, UIC (2005)Eadie, D.T., Santoro, M., Powell, W.: Local control of noise and vibration with KELTRACK™ friction modifier and protector® trackside application: an integrated solution. J. Sound Vib. 267(3), 761–772 (2003)Eadie, D.T., Santoro, M.: Top-of-rail friction control for curve noise mitigation and corrugation rate reduction. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 747–757 (2006)Suda, Y., Iwasa, T., Komine, H., Tomeoka, M., Nakazawa, H., Matsumoto, K., Nakai, T., Tanimoto, M., Kishimoto, Y.: Development of onboard friction control. Wear 258(7), 1109–1114 (2005)Bühler, S., Thallemer, B.: How to avoid squeal noise on railways: state of the art and practical experience. In: Schulte-Werning, B., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 99, pp. 406–411. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)Jones, C.J.C., Thompson, D.J.: Rolling noise generated by railway wheels with visco-elastic layers. J. Sound Vib. 231(3), 779–790 (2000)Wetta, P., Demilly, F.: Reduction of wheel squeal noise generated on curves or during braking. In 11th International of Wheelset Congress, Paris (1995)Brunel, J.F., Dufrénoy, P., Demilly, F.: Modelling of squeal noise attenuation of ring damped wheels. Appl. Acoust. 65(5), 457–471 (2004)Marjani, S.R., Younesian, D.: Suppression of train wheel squeal noise by shunted piezoelectric elements. Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. (2016)Heckl, M.A., Huang, X.Y.: Curve squeal of train wheels, part 3: active control. J. Sound Vib. 229(3), 709–735 (2000)Thompson, D.J., Jones, C.J.C., Waters, T.P., Farrington, D.: A tuned damping device for reducing noise from railway track. Appl. Acoust. 68(1), 43–57 (2007)Jiang, J., Ying, I., Hanson, D., Anderson, D.C.: An investigation of the influence of track dynamics on curve noise. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 441–448. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Toward, M., Squicciarini, G., Thompson, D.J.: Reducing freight wagon noise at source. Int. Railway J. March, 47–49 (2015)Illingworth, R., Pollard, M.G.: The use of steering axle suspensions to reduce wheel and rail wear in curves. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 196(1), 379–385 (1982)Garcia, J.F., Olaizola, X., Martin, L.M., Gimenez, J.G.: Theoretical comparison between different configurations of radial and conventional bogies. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 33(4), 233–259 (2000)Bruni, S., Goodall, R., Mei, T.X., Tsunashima, H.: Control and monitoring for railway vehicle dynamics. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 45(7–8), 743–779 (2007)Hiensch, M., Larsson, P.O., Nilsson, O., Levy, D., Kapoor, A., Franklin, F., Nielsen, J., Ringsberg, J., Josefson, L.: Two-material rail development: field test results regarding rolling contact fatigue and squeal noise behaviour. Wear 258(7), 964–972 (2005)Kopp, E.: Fünf Jahre Erfahrungen mit asymmetrisch geschliffenen Schienenprofilen. Eisenbahn Techn. Rundsch. 40, 665 (1991

A synthesis of three decades of socio-ecological change in False Bay, South Africa: setting the scene for multidisciplinary research and management

Over the past three decades, marine resource management has shifted conceptually from top-down sectoral approaches towards the more systems-oriented multi-stakeholder frameworks of integrated coastal management and ecosystem-based conservation. However, the successful implementation of such frameworks is commonly hindered by a lack of cross-disciplinary knowledge transfer, especially between natural and social sciences. This review represents a holistic synthesis of three decades of change in the oceanography, biology and human dimension of False Bay, South Africa. The productivity of marine life in this bay and its close vicinity to the steadily growing metropolis of Cape Town have led to its socio-economic significance throughout history. Considerable research has highlighted shifts driven by climate change, human population growth, serial overfishing, and coastal development. Upwelling-inducing winds have increased in the region, leading to cooling and likely to nutrient enrichment of the bay. Subsequently the distributions of key components of the marine ecosystem have shifted eastward, including kelp, rock lobsters, seabirds, pelagic fish, and several alien invasive species. Increasing sea level and exposure to storm surges contribute to coastal erosion of the sandy shorelines in the bay, causing losses in coastal infrastructure and posing risk to coastal developments. Since the 1980s, the human population of Cape Town has doubled, and with it pollution has amplified. Overfishing has led to drastic declines in the catches of numerous commercially and recreationally targeted fish, and illegal fishing is widespread. The tourism value of the bay contributes substantially to the country’s economy, and whale watching, shark-cage diving and water sports have become important sources of revenue. Compliance with fisheries and environmental regulations would benefit from a systems-oriented approach whereby coastal systems are managed holistically, embracing both social and ecological goals. In this context, we synthesize knowledge and provide recommendations for multidisciplinary research and monitoring to achieve a better balance between developmental and environmental agendas.https://www.elementascience.orgam2020Mammal Research Institut

Mrs. Samuel Payne Collection

Scan of a postcard showing the first Federal Grand Jury, Samuel Jefferson Payne second from the right, Lawton, OK

A Practical Look at Evaluation

Can an evaluation be practical? The author says yes and proves it

Noise control in the educational environment : an interstate high-school

There is no abstract available for this thesis.College of Architecture and PlanningThesis (B. Arch.

Comparison of the seismic full waveform inversion technique to conventional methods for the detection of underground mine voids

"September 2015."; Includes bibliographical references (page 14).; Technical report.; "In-House Research Sponsored by: The Ohio Department of Transportation, Office of Research."[Report] -- Appendices.A new surface-based geophysical method of subsurface exploration, Seismic Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) was compared to two other traditionally used surface-based geophysical methods, Electrical Resistivity and Microgravity. The Seismic FWI method was shown to be capable of identifying subsurface anomalies, in this case, flooded underground mine workings, in the geologic setting of this particular site, with less limitations than the other two techniques. This was field verified with confirmation drilling of suspect anomalies and non-suspect locations and down the borehole sonar mapping of the mine workings when encountered. However, it should be noted, that the Seismic FWI method is nearly twice the cost of the other two geophysical methods