Case Study on Rejected Patents in India

India is a country that has understood the importance of strong patent systems for the growth of industry and commerce to bring it at par with the modern world. As per WIPO statistical database September 2018, 45,379 patent applications were filed in India. Out of which, 12,387 applications were granted and 29,789 applications were withdrawn or abandoned by the applicants. About 3203 patents were rejected on the ground of non-fulfillment of patentability criteria by the invention, that is, Novelty, non-obviousness and Industrial applicability or non-patentability criteria mentioned under Sections 3 and 4 of Indian Patent Act. In this chapter, the authors have discussed few of the cases of rejection under the Indian Patent Act

Design, synthesis, computational and biological evaluation of novel hydroxamic and carboxylic acid derivatives as histone decaetylase inhibitors

690-699One of the recent targets is histone deacetylase (HDAC) which provide a very promising new approach for anticancer drugs, which may combine clinical efficacy with relatively mild toxicological side effects. Modification of histone acetylation level, promoted by histone acetylase (HAT) and HDAC enzyme, has been recognize to play an important role in epigenetic modulation of gene expression, so HDAC inhibitors are considered a new class of anticancer agents. A new series of hydroxamic and carboxylic acid analogues based on the 1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffold has been designed and synthesized with the aim of exploring its potential as new antitumor agents. Biological results have revealed that the structural modifications proposed significantly affected inhibitory potency as well as selectivity for HDAC inhibitors. Most target compounds are significantly more active, specifically 5a, 5b, 5e with IC50 values in the low micromolar or, the most active compounds in the series. Selected compounds have been tested on the viability of MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer cell) and K562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia cell), A549 (human lung cancer), PC3 (Prostate cancer cell lines) using MTT assay. Docking simulations suggested that the most active compounds can recognize the binding site (PDB Code 1w22 reference compound) using a similar interactions network. These results have allowed us to rationalize the observed structure–activity relationships

Design, synthesis, computational and biological evaluation of novel hydroxamic and carboxylic acid derivatives as histone decaetylase inhibitors

One of the recent targets is histone deacetylase (HDAC) which provide a very promising new approach for anticancer drugs, which may combine clinical efficacy with relatively mild toxicological side effects. Modification of histone acetylation level, promoted by histone acetylase (HAT) and HDAC enzyme, has been recognize to play an important role in epigenetic modulation of gene expression, so HDAC inhibitors are considered a new class of anticancer agents. A new series of hydroxamic and carboxylic acid analogues based on the 1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffold has been designed and synthesized with the aim of exploring its potential as new antitumor agents. Biological results have revealed that the structural modifications proposed significantly affected inhibitory potency as well as selectivity for HDAC inhibitors. Most target compounds are significantly more active, specifically 5a, 5b, 5e with IC50 values in the low micromolar or, the most active compounds in the series. Selected compounds have been tested on the viability of MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer cell) and K562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia cell), A549 (human lung cancer), PC3 (Prostate cancer cell lines) using MTT assay. Docking simulations suggested that the most active compounds can recognize the binding site (PDB Code 1w22 reference compound) using a similar interactions network. These results have allowed us to rationalize the observed structure–activity relationships

Development of a national neonatal intensive care unit-specific antimicrobial stewardship programme in Canada: protocol for a cohort study

Introduction Early empiric treatment with broad-spectrum antimicrobials is common in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) due to the non-specific clinical presentation of infection. However, excessive and inappropriate antimicrobial use can lead to the emergence of drug-resistant organisms and adverse neonatal outcomes. This study aims to develop and implement a nationwide NICU-specific antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP) to promote judicious antimicrobial use and control the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in Canada.Methods and analysis Our study population will include all very low-birth-weight neonates admitted to participating tertiary NICU in Canada. Based on the existing limited literature, we will develop consensus on NICU antimicrobial stewardship interventions to enhance best practices. Using an expanded Canadian Neonatal Network (CNN) platform, we will collect data on antimicrobial use and the susceptibility of organisms identified in clinical samples from blood and cerebrospinal fluid over a period of 2 years. These data will be used to provide all NICU stakeholders with benchmarked centre-adjusted antimicrobial use and MDRO prevalence reports. An ASP plan will be developed at both individual unit and national levels in the subsequent years. Knowledge translation strategies will be implemented through the well-established Evidence-based Practice for Improving Quality methodology.Ethics and dissemination Ethics for the study has been granted by the University of British Columbia Children’s & Women’s Research Ethics Board (H19-02490) and supported by CNN Executive Committee. The study results will be disseminated through national organisations and open access peer-reviewed publications.Trial registration number NCT04388293

Association of 24-Hour in-house neonatologist coverage with outcomes of extremely preterm infants

Objective: this study aimed to assess if 24-hour in-house neonatologist (NN) coverage is associated with delivery room (DR) resuscitation/stabilization and outcomes among inborn infants &lt;29 weeks' gestational age (GA).Study design: survey-linked cohort study of 2,476 inborn infants of 23 to 28 weeks' gestation, admitted between 2014 and 2015 to Canadian Neonatal Network Level-3 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) with a maternity unit. Exposures were classified using survey responses based on the most senior provider offering 24-hour in-house coverage: NN, fellow, and no NN/fellow. Primary outcome was death and/or major morbidity (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe neurological injury, late-onset sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and retinopathy of prematurity). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between exposures and outcomes and adjust for confounders.Results: among the 28 participating NICUs, most senior providers ensuring 24-hour in-house coverage were NN (32%, 9/28), fellows (39%, 11/28), and no NN/fellow (29%, 8/28). No NN/fellow coverage and 24-hour fellow coverage were associated with higher odds of infants receiving DR chest compressions/epinephrine compared with 24-hour NN coverage (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.12-10.6 and aOR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.44-7.70, respectively). Rates of mortality/major morbidity did not differ significantly among the three groups: NN, 63% (249/395 infants); fellow, 64% (1092/1700 infants); no NN/fellow, 70% (266/381 infants).Conclusion: 24-hour in-house NN coverage was associated with lower rates of DR chest compressions/epinephrine. There was no difference in neonatal outcomes based on type of coverage; however, further studies are needed as ecological fallacy cannot be ruled out.Key points: lower rates of DR cardiopulmonary resuscitation with 24h in-house NN coverage. · The type of 24h in-house coverage was not associated with mortality and/or major morbidity.. · High-volume centers more often have 24h in-house neonatal fellow coverage.</p