Manual de orientación para estudios en diarreas

Artículo científico -- Universidad de Costa Rica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud. 1985Como estudiande de los primeros años de la carrera de Microbiología y Química Clínica y durante nuestro Trabajo Comunal Universitario al cual realizamos en el Institute de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA), sentimos Ia necesidad de información escrita básica que nos diera conocimientos fundamentales para ejecutar en mejor forma nuestra labor. Por eso, decidimos hacer consultas verbales y de literatura, para redactar este trabajo que tiene Ia finalidad de dar instrucción preliminar a aquellos estudiantes de Microbiología, que no han cursado las materias que comprende Ia Microbiología Médica y quienes colaboran en la realización de estudios de enfermedades diarréicas.Universidad de Costa Rica, Instituto de Investigaciones en SaludUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA

Proper Motions of the Radio Source Orion MR, Formerly Known as Orion n, and New Sources with Large Proper Motions in Orion BN/KL

The infrared source known as Orion n was detected in 1980 with observations made with the 3.8-m United Kingdom Infrared Telescope. About two decades later, sensitive observations made with the Very Large Array revealed the presence of a mJy double radio source apparently coincident in position with the infrared source n. The radio source was assumed to be the counterpart of the infrared source. However, over the years it has been concluded that the radio source shows large proper motions to the south while the infrared source n is stationary. Here we reanalyze the proper motions of the radio source adding both older and newer VLA observations than previously used. We confirm the proper motions of the radio source that at present no longer coincides positionally with the infrared source. The solution to this problem is, most probably, that the infrared source n and the radio source are not the same object: the infrared source is a stationary object in the region while the radio counterpart is moving as a result of the explosion that took place in this region some 500 years ago and that expelled large amounts of molecular gas as well as several compact sources. Considering the paper where it was first reported, we refer to this double radio source as Orion MR. In addition, we use these new observations to fully confirm the large proper motions of the sources IRc23 and Zapata 11. Together with sources BN, I, Orion MR, and x, there are at least six compact sources that recede from a point in common in Orion BN/KL. However, IRc23 is peculiar in that its ejection age appears to be only $\sim$300 years. The relatively large number of sources rules out as a possible mechanism the classic three-body scenario since then only two escaping bodies are expected: a tight binary plus the third star involved in the encounter.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, to appear in The Astrophysical Journa

Kinetics of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) humoral immune response in swine serum and oral fluids collected from individual boars

Background The object of this study was to describe and contrast the kinetics of the humoral response in serum and oral fluid specimens during acute porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. The study involved three trials of 24 boars each. Boars were intramuscularly inoculated with a commercial modified live virus (MLV) vaccine (Trial 1), a Type 1 PRRSV field isolated (Trial 2), or a Type 2 PRRSV field isolate (Trial 3). Oral fluid samples were collected from individual boars on day post inoculation (DPI) -7 and 0 to 21. Serum samples were collected from all boars on DPI −7, 0, 7, 14, 21 and from 4 randomly selected boars on DPI 3, 5, 10, and 17. Thereafter, serum and oral fluid were assayed for PRRSV antibody using antibody isotype-specific ELISAs (IgM, IgA, IgG) adapted to serum or oral fluid. Results Statistically significant differences in viral replication and antibody responses were observed among the three trials in both serum and oral fluid specimens. PRRSV serum IgM, IgA, and IgG were first detected in samples collected on DPI 7, 10, and 10, respectively. Oral fluid IgM, IgA, and IgG were detected in samples collected between DPI 3 to 10, 7 to 10, and 8 to 14, respectively. Conclusions This study enhanced our knowledge of the PRRSV humoral immune response and provided a broader foundation for the development and application of oral fluid antibody-based diagnostics

Detection of African Swine Fever Virus Antibodies in Serum and Oral Fluid Specimens Using a Recombinant Protein 30 (p30) Dual Matrix Indirect ELISA

In the absence of effective vaccine(s), control of African swine fever caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) must be based on early, efficient, cost-effective detection and strict control and elimination strategies. For this purpose, we developed an indirect ELISA capable of detecting ASFV antibodies in either serum or oral fluid specimens. The recombinant protein used in the ELISA was selected by comparing the early serum antibody response of ASFV-infected pigs (NHV-p68 isolate) to three major recombinant polypeptides (p30, p54, p72) using a multiplex fluorescent microbead-based immunoassay (FMIA). Non-hazardous (non-infectious) antibody-positive serum for use as plate positive controls and for the calculation of sample-to-positive (S:P) ratios was produced by inoculating pigs with a replicon particle (RP) vaccine expressing the ASFV p30 gene. The optimized ELISA detected anti-p30 antibodies in serum and/or oral fluid samples from pigs inoculated with ASFV under experimental conditions beginning 8 to 12 days post inoculation. Tests on serum (n = 200) and oral fluid (n = 200) field samples from an ASFV-free population demonstrated that the assay was highly diagnostically specific. The convenience and diagnostic utility of oral fluid sampling combined with the flexibility to test either serum or oral fluid on the same platform suggests that this assay will be highly useful under the conditions for which OIE recommends ASFV antibody surveillance, i.e., in ASFV-endemic areas and for the detection of infections with ASFV isolates of low virulence

Impact of Orthologous Gene Replacement on the Circuitry Governing Pilus Gene Transcription in Streptococci

The evolutionary history of several genes of the bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes strongly suggests an origin in another species, acquired via replacement of the counterpart gene (ortholog) following a recombination event. An example of orthologous gene replacement is provided by the nra/rofA locus, which encodes a key regulator of pilus gene transcription. Of biological importance is the previous finding that the presence of the nra- and rofA-lineage alleles, which are approximately 35% divergent, correlates strongly with genetic markers for streptococcal infection at different tissue sites in the human host (skin, throat).In this report, the impact of orthologous gene replacement targeting the nra/rofA locus is experimentally addressed. Replacement of the native nra-lineage allele with a rofA-lineage allele, plus their respective upstream regions, preserved the polarity of Nra effects on pilus gene transcription (i.e., activation) in the skin strain Alab49. Increased pilus gene transcription in the rofA chimera correlated with a higher rate of bacterial growth at the skin. The transcriptional regulator MsmR, which represses nra and pilus gene transcription in the Alab49 parent strain, has a slight activating effect on pilus gene expression in the rofA chimera construct.Data show that exchange of orthologous forms of a regulatory gene is stable and robust, and pathogenicity is preserved. Yet, new phenotypes may also be introduced by altering the circuitry within a complex transcriptional regulatory network. It is proposed that orthologous gene replacement via interspecies exchange is an important mechanism in the evolution of highly recombining bacteria such as S. pyogenes

Population dynamics and genetic connectivity in recent chimpanzee history

The European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 864203) (to T.M.-B.). BFU2017-86471-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE) (to T.M.-B.). “Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu”, funded by the AEI (CEX2018-000792-M) (to T.M.-B.). Howard Hughes International Early Career (to T.M.-B.). NIH 1R01HG010898-01A1 (to T.M.-B.). Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca and CERCA Program del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (GRC 2017 SGR 880) (to T.M.-B.). UCL’s Wellcome Trust ISSF3 award 204841/Z/16/Z (to A.M.A. and J.M.S.). Generalitat de Catalunya (2017 SGR-1040) (to M. Llorente). Wellcome Trust Investigator Award 202802/Z/16/Z (to D.A.H.). The Pan African Program: The Cultured Chimpanzee (PanAf) is generously funded by the Max Planck Society, the Max Planck Society Innovation Fund, and the Heinz L. Krekeler Foundation.Knowledge on the population history of endangered species is critical for conservation, but whole-genome data on chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) is geographically sparse. Here, we produced the first non-invasive geolocalized catalog of genomic diversity by capturing chromosome 21 from 828 non-invasive samples collected at 48 sampling sites across Africa. The four recognized subspecies show clear genetic differentiation correlating with known barriers, while previously undescribed genetic exchange suggests that these have been permeable on a local scale. We obtained a detailed reconstruction of population stratification and fine-scale patterns of isolation, migration, and connectivity, including a comprehensive picture of admixture with bonobos (Pan paniscus). Unlike humans, chimpanzees did not experience extended episodes of long-distance migrations, which might have limited cultural transmission. Finally, based on local rare variation, we implement a fine-grained geolocalization approach demonstrating improved precision in determining the origin of confiscated chimpanzees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Análisis financiero de la inversión en infraestructura requerida por el proyecto de abono orgánico en Coopemontecillos R.L., Alajuela, Costa Rica

Proyecto de graduación (licenciatura en economía agrícola, con énfasis en agroambiente)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Escuela de Economía Agrícola y Agronegocio

Systematic review on the efficacy of eccentric exercise on shoulder pain in overhead sports

Introducción: La región del hombro presenta un alto riesgo de lesión en deportes cuyas acciones técnicas se realizan por encima de la cabeza (Overhead techniques), de manera que tiene que soportar grandes cargas y fuerzas durante estas. Las lesiones asociadas a esta región presentan una gran variabilidad, tal que en ocasiones resulta complejo determinar dicho diagnóstico. Actualmente se acuña el término “dolor de hombro relacionado con el manguito rotador” ante la incertidumbre que se da en cuanto a la sintomatología que presenta esta región. Ante esta patología la principal intervención terapéutica que se propone es el ejercicio, sin embargo, revisando la literatura en relación con esta, no encontramos un consenso acerca de qué tipo de ejercicio presenta una diferencia significativa en cuanto a mayores beneficios (potenciación muscular o mejora de la sintomatología dolorosa). Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática para analizar la efectividad de las diferentes modalidades de ejercicio en función del carácter de la contracción, enfocadas en el tratamiento del dolor de hombro relacionado con el manguito rotador, así como comparar la eficacia del ejercicio de isotónico excéntrico frente al isométrico e isotónico concéntrico. Método: Se realiza una búsqueda en las bases de datos de PubMed y Web of Science, empleando las palabras claves y términos descritos en la estrategia de búsqueda. Los artículos seleccionados para su análisis se ajustan a los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se seleccionaron siete artículos que cumplen con dichos criterios, siguiendo la guía de la declaración PRISMA 2020 (Page et al., 2021). Resultados: No se encuentra una diferencia significativa en cuanto a la superioridad del ejercicio isotónico excéntrico en la mejora del dolor de hombro relacionado con el manguito rotador, o su funcionalidad, en comparación con el resto de las modalidades. Conclusiones: La evidencia científica actual nos muestra el ejercicio isotónico excéntrico como una modalidad terapéutica beneficiosa, pero no superior al resto de modalidades.Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deport

Structural Diversity of Streptokinase and Activation of Human Plasminogen

The β domain of streptokinase is required for plasminogen activation and contains a region of sequence diversity associated with infection and disease in group A streptococci. We report that mutagenesis of this polymorphic region does not alter plasminogen activation, which suggests an alternative function for this molecular motif in streptococcal disease