320 research outputs found
A Magnetically and Thermally Controlled Liquid Metal Variable Stiffness Material
Smart materials that can actively tune their stiffness are of great interest to many fields, including the construction industry, medical devices, industrial machines, and soft robotics. However, developing a material that can offer a large range of stiffness change and rapid tuning remains a challenge. Herein, a liquid metal variable stiffness material (LMVSM) that can actively and rapidly tune its stiffness by applying an external magnetic field or by changing the temperature is developed. The LMVSM is composed of three layers: a gallium–iron magnetorheological fluid (Ga–Fe MRF) layer for providing variable stiffness, a nickel–chromium wire layer for Joule heating, and a soft heat dissipation layer for accelerating heating and rapid cooling. The stiffness can be rapidly increased by 4 times upon the application of a magnetic field or 10 times by solidifying the Ga–Fe MRF. Finally, the LMVSM is attached to a pneumatically controlled soft robotic gripper to actively tune its load capacity, demonstrating its potential to be further developed into smart components that can be widely adopted by smart devices
Sensing remote nuclear spins
Sensing single nuclear spins is a central challenge in magnetic resonance
based imaging techniques. Although different methods and especially diamond
defect based sensing and imaging techniques in principle have shown sufficient
sensitivity, signals from single nuclear spins are usually too weak to be
distinguished from background noise. Here, we present the detection and
identification of remote single C-13 nuclear spins embedded in nuclear spin
baths surrounding a single electron spins of a nitrogen-vacancy centre in
diamond. With dynamical decoupling control of the centre electron spin, the
weak magnetic field ~10 nT from a single nuclear spin located ~3 nm from the
centre with hyperfine coupling as weak as ~500 Hz is amplified and detected.
The quantum nature of the coupling is confirmed and precise position and the
vector components of the nuclear field are determined. Given the distance over
which nuclear magnetic fields can be detected the technique marks a firm step
towards imaging, detecting and controlling nuclear spin species external to the
diamond sensor
Deterministic generation of an on-demand Fock state
We theoretically study the deterministic generation of photon Fock states
on-demand using a protocol based on a Jaynes Cummings quantum random walk which
includes damping. We then show how each of the steps of this protocol can be
implemented in a low temperature solid-state quantum system with a
Nitrogen-Vacancy centre in a nano-diamond coupled to a nearby high-Q optical
cavity. By controlling the coupling duration between the NV and the cavity via
the application of a time dependent Stark shift, and by increasing the decay
rate of the NV via stimulated emission depletion (STED) a Fock state with high
photon number can be generated on-demand. Our setup can be integrated on a chip
and can be accurately controlled.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figure
Free induction decay of single spins in diamond
We study both theoretically and experimentally the free induction decay (FID)
of the electron spin associated with a single nitrogen-vacancy defect in high
purity diamond, where the main source of decoherence is the hyperfine
interaction with a bath of C nuclear spins. In particular, we report a
systematic study of the FID signal as a function of the strength of a magnetic
field oriented along the symmetry axis of the defect. On average, an increment
of the coherence time by a factor of is observed at high magnetic
field in diamond samples with a natural abundance of C nuclear spins, in
agreement with numerical simulations and theoretical studies. Further
theoretical analysis shows that this enhancement is independent of the
concentration of nuclear spin impurities. By dividing the nuclear spin bath
into shells and cones, we theoretically identify which nuclear spins are
responsible for the observed dynamics.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figure
On the formation, ventilation, and erosion of mode waters in the North Atlantic and Southern Oceans
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94834/1/jgrc12564.pd
Coherent, mechanical control of a single electronic spin
The ability to control and manipulate spins via electrical, magnetic and
optical means has generated numerous applications in metrology and quantum
information science in recent years. A promising alternative method for spin
manipulation is the use of mechanical motion, where the oscillation of a
mechanical resonator can be magnetically coupled to a spins magnetic dipole,
which could enable scalable quantum information architectures9 and sensitive
nanoscale magnetometry. To date, however, only population control of spins has
been realized via classical motion of a mechanical resonator. Here, we
demonstrate coherent mechanical control of an individual spin under ambient
conditions using the driven motion of a mechanical resonator that is
magnetically coupled to the electronic spin of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV)
color center in diamond. Coherent control of this hybrid mechanical/spin system
is achieved by synchronizing pulsed spin-addressing protocols (involving
optical and radiofrequency fields) to the motion of the driven oscillator,
which allows coherent mechanical manipulation of both the population and phase
of the spin via motion-induced Zeeman shifts of the NV spins energy. We
demonstrate applications of this coherent mechanical spin-control technique to
sensitive nanoscale scanning magnetometry.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
Identification and Phenotype of MAIT Cells in Cattle and Their Response to Bacterial Infections
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of innate-like T cells that utilize a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) α chain and are restricted by the highly conserved antigen presenting molecule MR1. MR1 presents microbial riboflavin biosynthesis derived metabolites produced by bacteria and fungi. Consistent with their ability to sense ligands derived from bacterial sources, MAIT cells have been associated with the immune response to a variety of bacterial infections, such as Mycobacterium spp., Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli. To date, MAIT cells have been studied in humans, non-human primates and mice. However, they have only been putatively identified in cattle by PCR based methods; no phenotypic or functional analyses have been performed. Here, we identified a MAIT cell population in cattle utilizing MR1 tetramers and high-throughput TCR sequencing. Phenotypic analysis of cattle MAIT cells revealed features highly analogous to those of MAIT cells in humans and mice, including expression of an orthologous TRAV1-TRAJ33 TCR α chain, an effector memory phenotype irrespective of tissue localization, and expression of the transcription factors PLZF and EOMES. We determined the frequency of MAIT cells in peripheral blood and multiple tissues, finding that cattle MAIT cells are enriched in mucosal tissues as well as in the mesenteric lymph node. Cattle MAIT cells were responsive to stimulation by 5-OP-RU and riboflavin biosynthesis competent bacteria in vitro. Furthermore, MAIT cells in milk increased in frequency in cows with mastitis. Following challenge with virulent Mycobacterium bovis, a causative agent of bovine tuberculosis and a zoonosis, peripheral blood MAIT cells expressed higher levels of perforin. Thus, MAIT cells are implicated in the immune response to two major bacterial infections in cattle. These data suggest that MAIT cells are functionally highly conserved and that cattle are an excellent large animal model to study the role of MAIT cells in important zoonotic infections
Nuclear spin pair coherence in diamond for atomic scale magnetometry
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre, as a promising candidate solid state system
of quantum information processing, its electron spin coherence is influenced by
the magnetic field fluctuations due to the local environment. In pure diamonds,
the environment consists of hundreds of C-13 nuclear spins randomly spreading
in several nanometers range forming a spin bath. Controlling and prolonging the
electron spin coherence under the influence of spin bath are challenging tasks
for the quantum information processing. On the other hand, for a given bath
distribution, many of its characters are encoded in the electron spin
coherence. So it is natural to ask the question: is it possible to 'decode' the
electron spin coherence, and extract the information about the bath structures?
Here we show that, among hundreds of C-13 bath spins, there exist strong
coupling clusters, which give rise to the millisecond oscillations of the
electron spin coherence. By analyzing these oscillation features, the key
properties of the coherent nuclear spin clusters, such as positions,
orientations, and coupling strengths, could be uniquely identified. This
addressability of the few-nuclear-spin cluster extends the feasibility of using
the nuclear spins in diamond as qubits in quantum computing. Furthermore, it
provides a novel prototype of single-electron spin based, high-resolution and
ultra-sensitive detector for the chemical and biological applications.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, Nature Nanotechnology (2011
Circuit-wide Transcriptional Profiling Reveals Brain Region-Specific Gene Networks Regulating Depression Susceptibility
Depression is a complex, heterogeneous disorder and a leading contributor to the global burden of disease. Most previous research has focused on individual brain regions and genes contributing to depression. However, emerging evidence in humans and animal models suggests that dysregulated circuit function and gene expression across multiple brain regions drive depressive phenotypes. Here we performed RNA-sequencing on 4 brain regions from control animals and those susceptible or resilient to chronic social defeat stress at multiple time points. We employed an integrative network biology approach to identify transcriptional networks and key driver genes that regulate susceptibility to depressive-like symptoms. Further, we validated in vivo several key drivers and their associated transcriptional networks that regulate depression susceptibility and confirmed their functional significance at the levels of gene transcription, synaptic regulation and behavior. Our study reveals novel transcriptional networks that control stress susceptibility and offers fundamentally new leads for antidepressant drug discovery
Ultrafast electronic read-out of diamond NV centers coupled to graphene
Nonradiative transfer processes are often regarded as loss channels for an
optical emitter1, since they are inherently difficult to be experimentally
accessed. Recently, it has been shown that emitters, such as fluorophores and
nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond, can exhibit a strong nonradiative energy
transfer to graphene. So far, the energy of the transferred electronic
excitations has been considered to be lost within the electron bath of the
graphene. Here, we demonstrate that the trans-ferred excitations can be
read-out by detecting corresponding currents with picosecond time resolution.
We electrically detect the spin of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond
electronically and con-trol the nonradiative transfer to graphene by electron
spin resonance. Our results open the avenue for incorporating nitrogen vacancy
centers as spin qubits into ultrafast electronic circuits and for harvesting
non-radiative transfer processes electronically
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