Reporte de \u3ci\u3eStigmacoccus paranaensis\u3c/i\u3e Foldi (Hemiptera, Stigmacoccidae), insecto escama asociado con la producción de miel de mielato en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Se provee una diagnosis de Stigmacoccus paranaensis Foldi (Hemiptera, Stigmacoccidae), especie de insecto escama asociada a la producción de miel de mielato en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Se proveen nuevos registros de distribución y plantas hospederas de S. paranaensis. Stigmacoccus paranaensis Foldi (Hemiptera, Stigmacoccidae), a species of scale insect associated with honeydew honey production in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is diagnosed. New distribution records and the host range of Stigmacoccus paranaensis Foldi are provided

Parâmetros morfofisiológicos e de desenvolvimento de variedades de milho

Knowing the characteristics of maize varieties becomes a strategy for an adequate crop planning, in order to extract the maximum agronomic power of each variety. The objective of this work is to know the morphophysiological and developmental parameters of maize varieties. The experiment was conducted in August 2021, in Faculdades Integradas Stella Maris (FISMA), located in the Municipality of Andradina, State of São Paulo. The design was entirely randomized, where six maize varieties were grown: XB 8010; AG 1051; Cateto Paraguay; Sweet Maize (Paraguay Soup); White Maize and Asteca Mole and with four repetitions, totaling 20 plots or pots. The hybrid varieties showed better development characteristics. The criolla variety Asteca Mole presented lower developmental characteristics. Stomatal density and functionality were expressed in an antagonistic way. Maize varieties did not present differences in internal morphology in the leaves. Correlations were found between the morphophysiological and developmental parameters in the maize varieties.Conhecer as características de variedades de milho torna uma estratégia para o um planejamento de adequado de safra, a fim de extrair o máximo do poder agronômica de cada variedade. O objetivo desse trabalho é conhecer os parâmetros morfofisiológicos e de desenvolvimento de variedades de milho. O experimento foi realizado em agosto de 2021, nas Faculdades Integradas Stella Maris (FISMA), localizada no Município de Andradina, Estado de São Paulo. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, onde foram cultivadas seis variedades de milho: XB 8010; AG 1051; Cateto Paraguai; Milho Doce (Sopa Paraguai); Milho Branco e Asteca Mole e com quatro repetições, totalizando 20 parcelas ou vasos. As variedades híbridas apresentam melhores características de desenvolvimento. A variedade crioula Asteca Mole apresentou menores características de desenvolvimento. A densidade e funcionalidade estomática se expressaram de maneira antagônica. As variedades de milho não apresentaram diferenças na morfologia interna nas folhas. Foram encontradas correlações entre os parâmetros morfofisiológicos com os de desenvolvimento nas variedades de milho

Fungistase a fusarium graminearum de um solo submetido a diferentes sistemas de manejo

Soil management, in terms of tillage and cropping systems, strongly influences the biological properties of soil involved in the suppression of plant diseases. Fungistasis mediated by soil microbiota is an important component of disease-suppressive soils. We evaluated the influence of different management systems on fungistasis against Fusarium graminearum, the relationship of fungistasis to the bacterial profile of the soil, and the possible mechanisms involved in this process. Samples were taken from a long-term experiment set up in a Paleudult soil under conventional tillage or no-tillage management and three cropping systems: black oat (Avena strigose L.) + vetch (Vicia sativa L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) + cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.), black oat/maize, and vetch/maize. Soil fungistasis was evaluated in terms of reduction of radial growth of F. graminearum, and bacterial diversity was assessed using ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA). A total of 120 bacterial isolates were obtained and evaluated for antibiosis, and production of volatile compounds and siderophores. No-tillage soil samples showed the highest level of F. graminearum fungistasis by sharply reducing the development of this pathogen. Of the cropping systems tested, the vetch + black oat/maize + cowpea system showed the highest fungistasis and the oat/maize system showed the lowest. The management system also affected the genetic profile of the bacteria isolated, with the systems from fungistatic soils showing greater similarity. Although there was no clear relationship between soil management and the characteristics of the bacterial isolates, we may conclude that antibiosis and the production of siderophores were the main mechanisms accounting for fungistasis.O manejo, em termos de preparo e sistemas de culturas, exerce forte influência sobre as propriedades do solo; e essas, por sua vez, condicionam o seu potencial supressivo a doenças de plantas. Nesse contexto, a fungistase é um dos componentes da supressividade, sendo um processo mediado pela microbiota do solo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes sistemas de manejo sobre a fungistase ao fungo fitopatogênico Fusarium graminearum, a sua relação com o perfil bacteriano do solo e os possíveis mecanismos de ação envolvidos no processo. As avaliações foram realizadas a partir de amostras de um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico, coletadas em um experimento de manejo de longa duração, conduzido sob plantio direto e preparo convencional e cultivado com os sistemas de culturas aveia + vica/milho + caupi, vica/milho e aveia/milho. A fungistase do solo foi avaliada em termos de redução do crescimento radial do fungo testado. O perfil bacteriano foi avaliado pelo polimorfismo do espaço intergênico do 16S rRNA (RISA). Foram obtidos 120 isolados bacterianos, que foram avaliados quanto à antibiose e à produção de compostos voláteis e de sideróforos. As amostras provenientes de plantio direto apresentaram maior fungistase a F. graminearum, reduzindo acentuadamente o desenvolvimento do patógeno. Também foi observada maior inibição do patógeno nas amostras de solo cultivadas sob o sistema aveia + vica/milho + caupi, enquanto o sistema aveia/milho foi o menos antagonista. O perfil genético bacteriano do solo também foi influenciado pelos sistemas de manejo, havendo semelhança entre os sistemas mais antagonistas. Embora não tenha sido identificada uma relação entre os sistemas de manejo e as características dos isolados, pode-se concluir que a antibiose e a produção de sideróforos foram os mecanismos que mais contribuíram para a fungistase

Bacterial and Archaeal Communities Change With Intensity of Vegetation Coverage in Arenized Soils From the Pampa Biome

Arenization occurs in regions that present sandy soils with normal rainfall levels. Predatory use of environmental sources, the dissolution of arenitic rocks and reworking of non-consolidated surface sands intensify this degradation scenario. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the impact of the arenization process in the Brazilian Pampa Biome and how this phenomenon affects the soil microbial and plant communities. For this purpose, three arenized areas in Southern Brazil (Pampa Biome) were selected and, in each one, three sampling points were studied: arenized (ARA), arenized to grassland transition (AGT), and grassland (GRA) areas. In the three sampling points, soils presented low levels of nutrients, organic matter, mud and pH acidic in all regions but, the presence of vegetation coverage in AGT and GRA areas preserved the topsoil structure. Our study related ARA with bacterial families Alcaligenaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae. AGT with bacterial families Bacillaceae and Burkholderiaceae, and plant species Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka and Paspalum stellatum Humb. and Bonpl. ex Flüggé, and GRA with bacterial families Koribacteraceae, Hyphomicrobiaceae, and Chthoniobacteraceae, and plant species Croton subpannosus Müll.Arg. ex Griseb., Piptochaetium montevidense (Spreng.) Parodi and Elyonurus sp. The three studied areas (as well as sampling points) present soils extremely poor in nutrients with sandy texture, and the bacterial and plant composition well known to be resistant to environmental stresses were dominant. The vulnerability of these areas causes a degradation scenario, which is worsened by agricultural activities. However, in general, this phenomenon is a natural process that occurs mainly due to soil characteristics (poor soils) and climatic variations

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Evaluation of the suppressive potential against fusariosis of a soil under diferent management systems

O manejo, em termos de preparo e sistemas de culturas, exerce forte influência sobre propriedades biológicas do solo e essas, por sua vez, condicionam o potencial supressivo do solo a doenças de plantas. A supressão é descrita como a capacidade do solo em reduzir a incidência de doenças vegetais, causada por fitopatógenos habitantes do solo, mesmo em condições ambientais favoráveis ao desenvolvimento destes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo sobre o potencial supressivo à podridão da raiz do trigo, causada pelo fungo fitopatogênico Fusarium graminearum e a relação deste processo com parâmetros microbiológicos do solo. As avaliações foram realizadas a partir de amostras de um Argissolo vermelho distrófico, coletadas em um experimento de manejo de longa duração conduzido sob plantio direto e preparo convencional do solo e cultivado com os sistemas de culturas aveia+vica/milho+caupi, vica/milho e aveia/milho. As avaliações do potencial supressivo do solo em ensaios in vitro e in vivo demonstraram que as amostras provenientes das parcelas manejadas em plantio direto foram mais supressivas à incidência podridão do trigo e ao desenvolvimento de F. graminearum. Também foi observada a redução da incidência da doença e do patógeno nas amostras de solo cultivadas sob o sistema aveia+vica/milho+caupi enquanto o sistema aveia/milho foi o menos supressivo. Foram identificadas correlações positivas entre a supressividade do solo e os diferentes parâmetros microbiológicos avaliados, o que demonstra o importante papel da microbiota do solo na geração do processo de supressividade do solo. De maneira geral, os sistemas de manejo que contribuíram para o incremento da matéria orgânica estimularam a microbiota do solo em termos de atividade, biomassa e diversidade, e por consequência, favoreceram a supressão do solo à podridão do trigo causada por F. graminearum.Soil management, taking into account tillage and crop systems, strongly influences soil biological properties and these, in their turn, regulate the suppressive potential of the soil against plant diseases. Soil suppressiveness is described as the soil ability in reducing the incidence of plant diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens, even when environmental conditions favor the pathogens development. The present research aimed to evaluate the influence of different soil management systems over the suppressive potential of a soil against the wheat root rot, caused by Fusarium graminearum, and the relationship of this process with soil microbial parameters. The evaluations were performed using soil samples taken from a long-term experiment, conduced in a Paleudult soil, under conventional or no-tillage systems with three crop systems: vetch+oat/maize+cowpea, vetch/maize and oat/maize. The in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the soil suppressive potential demonstrated that the samples from plots under no-tillage were more suppressive to wheat root rot and to the development of F. graminearum. It was also observed the decrease in the disease incidence in samples from vetch+oat/maize+cowpea crop system, while oat/corn was the less suppressive system. We identified positive correlations between soil suppressiveness and different microbial parameters, which demonstrates the important role of soil microbes in the generation of soil suppressiveness process. In general, the management systems that contributed to the increase of soil organic matter stimulated soil microbial activity, biomass and diversity, and, therefore, favored the suppression of wheat root rot caused by F. graminearum

Evaluation of the suppressive potential against fusariosis of a soil under diferent management systems

O manejo, em termos de preparo e sistemas de culturas, exerce forte influência sobre propriedades biológicas do solo e essas, por sua vez, condicionam o potencial supressivo do solo a doenças de plantas. A supressão é descrita como a capacidade do solo em reduzir a incidência de doenças vegetais, causada por fitopatógenos habitantes do solo, mesmo em condições ambientais favoráveis ao desenvolvimento destes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo sobre o potencial supressivo à podridão da raiz do trigo, causada pelo fungo fitopatogênico Fusarium graminearum e a relação deste processo com parâmetros microbiológicos do solo. As avaliações foram realizadas a partir de amostras de um Argissolo vermelho distrófico, coletadas em um experimento de manejo de longa duração conduzido sob plantio direto e preparo convencional do solo e cultivado com os sistemas de culturas aveia+vica/milho+caupi, vica/milho e aveia/milho. As avaliações do potencial supressivo do solo em ensaios in vitro e in vivo demonstraram que as amostras provenientes das parcelas manejadas em plantio direto foram mais supressivas à incidência podridão do trigo e ao desenvolvimento de F. graminearum. Também foi observada a redução da incidência da doença e do patógeno nas amostras de solo cultivadas sob o sistema aveia+vica/milho+caupi enquanto o sistema aveia/milho foi o menos supressivo. Foram identificadas correlações positivas entre a supressividade do solo e os diferentes parâmetros microbiológicos avaliados, o que demonstra o importante papel da microbiota do solo na geração do processo de supressividade do solo. De maneira geral, os sistemas de manejo que contribuíram para o incremento da matéria orgânica estimularam a microbiota do solo em termos de atividade, biomassa e diversidade, e por consequência, favoreceram a supressão do solo à podridão do trigo causada por F. graminearum.Soil management, taking into account tillage and crop systems, strongly influences soil biological properties and these, in their turn, regulate the suppressive potential of the soil against plant diseases. Soil suppressiveness is described as the soil ability in reducing the incidence of plant diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens, even when environmental conditions favor the pathogens development. The present research aimed to evaluate the influence of different soil management systems over the suppressive potential of a soil against the wheat root rot, caused by Fusarium graminearum, and the relationship of this process with soil microbial parameters. The evaluations were performed using soil samples taken from a long-term experiment, conduced in a Paleudult soil, under conventional or no-tillage systems with three crop systems: vetch+oat/maize+cowpea, vetch/maize and oat/maize. The in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the soil suppressive potential demonstrated that the samples from plots under no-tillage were more suppressive to wheat root rot and to the development of F. graminearum. It was also observed the decrease in the disease incidence in samples from vetch+oat/maize+cowpea crop system, while oat/corn was the less suppressive system. We identified positive correlations between soil suppressiveness and different microbial parameters, which demonstrates the important role of soil microbes in the generation of soil suppressiveness process. In general, the management systems that contributed to the increase of soil organic matter stimulated soil microbial activity, biomass and diversity, and, therefore, favored the suppression of wheat root rot caused by F. graminearum