42 research outputs found

    Évaluation sur mannequins Ă©lectroniques de l efficacitĂ© d un protocole d audioguidage continu sur la qualitĂ© des compressions thoraciques au cours d un arrĂȘt cardiaque

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    La reconnaissance et la prise en charge immĂ©diate des arrĂȘts cardiaques (AC) est un enjeu de santĂ© publique. Il survient dans plus de 85% des cas Ăšn dehors de l'hĂŽpital et reprĂ©sente entre 40 000 et 50 000 dĂ©cĂšs par an. Le taux de survie pourrait ĂȘtre augmentĂ© de 2 Ă  3, si le Massage Cardiaque Externe (MCE) et la dĂ©fibrillation Ă©taient rĂ©alisĂ©s rapidement. Malheureusement, le MCE est encore rarement entrepris, mĂȘme par les proches puisqu'il varie selon les Ă©tudes de 16 Ă  30%. Afin d'augmenter ce taux, les recommandations ERC 2010 insistent sur le rĂŽle fondamental du rĂ©gulateur mĂ©dical qui doit inciter les tĂ©moins Ă  rĂ©aliser un massage cardiaque continu, dĂšs le diagnostic d'arrĂȘt cardiaque posĂ©. MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thodes. L'objectif principal de ce travail Ă©tait de dĂ©terminer, sur mannequin de simulation, quelle Ă©tait la mĂ©thode d'audioguidage tĂ©lĂ©phonique la plus efficace afin qu'un tĂ©moin non secouriste puisse produire un MCE continu de bonne qualitĂ© jusqu'Ă  l'arrivĂ©e des secours spĂ©cialisĂ©s. Le succĂšs Ă©tait dĂ©fini par l'association d'une frĂ©quence moyenne >100/min ET d'une profondeur moyenne > 50 mm Dans une premiĂšre Ă©tude prospective randomisĂ©e, nous avons comparĂ© un audioguidage continu par un mĂ©decin rĂ©gulateur Ă  une consigne unique de MCE continu. Dans une seconde Ă©tude prospective randomisĂ©e, nous avons comparĂ© ce mĂȘme protocole d'audioguidage Ă  un protocole simplifiĂ© d'initiation au MCE continu. Les rĂ©gulateurs n'avaient aucun contrĂŽle visuel du MCE rĂ©alisĂ©. RĂ©sultats. Dans la premiĂšre Ă©tude, 33 sujets ont Ă©tĂ© inclus dans la groupe audioguidage continu et 33 dans le groupe consigne unique. L'audioguidage continu permettait un taux de succĂšs du MCE continu (24%) significativement supĂ©rieur Ă  la consigne unique (3%) avec une augmentation significative de la profondeur (46.2 vs 37.4 mm) et de la frĂ©quence (103.5 vs 73.7/min). Dans note seconde Ă©tude, 27 sujets ont Ă©tĂ© audioguidĂ©s en continu et 28 sujets ont Ă©tĂ© audioguidĂ©s selon un protocole simplifiĂ©. Le taux de succĂšs n'Ă©tait pas diffĂ©rent entre le groupe audioguidage continu (22%) et le groupe protocole simplifiĂ© (17,8%). La frĂ©quence (115.5 vs 1187m) et la profondeur (45 vs 39 mm) n'Ă©taient pas diffĂ©rentes entre les deux groupes durant les 5 minutes de MCE continu rĂ©alisĂ©es par des sujets non secouristes. Discussion. L'audioguidage continu amĂ©liore significativement la qualitĂ© du MCE continu d'un non secouriste. Cependant, il monopolise un mĂ©decin rĂ©gulateur jusqu'Ă  l'arrivĂ©e des secours spĂ©cialisĂ©s sur les lieux de l'accident. La principale limite est le manque de puissance de notre seconde Ă©tude. La frĂ©quence ne semble pas le composant bĂ©nĂ©ficiant le plus de l'audioguidage continu. A l'inverse, ce dernier pourrait ĂȘtre utilisĂ© pour exercer un rĂ©trocontrĂŽle et limiter le taux de MCE Ă  plus de 120/min. Des moyens alternatifs pour tenter d'augmenter la profondeur moyenne au delĂ  de 50 mm seraient Ă  Ă©valuer. Conclusion. Afin de pallier au manque de formation des tĂ©moins, l'utilisation d'un protocole d'audioguidage continu permet d'augmenter le succĂšs des RCP entreprises de prĂšs de 20 % mais monopolise le mĂ©decin rĂ©gulateur jusqu'Ă  l'arrivĂ©e des secours spĂ©cialisĂ©s auprĂšs du tĂ©moin et de la victime. Des alternatives d'audioguidage continu semblent possibles mais restent Ă  Ă©valuer dans un prochain travail.ROUEN-BU MĂ©decine-Pharmacie (765402102) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Quantitative Evaluation of the Safety of X-by-Wire Architecture subject to EMI Perturbations

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    The X-by-Wire systems in cars can only be accepted if they provide at least the same dependability than the traditional ones. In this paper we propose a new approach to evaluate the impact of the EMI perturbations on the dependability of an X-by-Wire architecture. The considered X-by-Wire architecture is distributed around a TDMA-like communication protocol. So a perturbation causes the loss of a communication cycle with a certain probability. The vehicle level failure is then defined as the consecutive loss of a certain number of communication cycles. Its reliability is modeled as that of the well-known consecutive-k-out-of-n:F systems. A case study, together with the EMI perturbations collected on the roads in France, is used to illustrate our approach

    Evaluating Quality of Service and Behavioral Reliability of Steer-by-Wire Systems

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    Best Paper Award on Factory Automation. Colloque avec actes et comité de lecture. internationale.International audienceSteer-by-wire systems must meet not only reliability but also real-time requirements. This paper presents an integrated approach for evaluating both the temporal performance and the behavioral reliability of Steer-by-wire systems taking into account the delay variation introduced by network transmission errors. The considered temporal performance is the Quality of Service perceived by the user, i.e. the vehicle stability. Tests in vehicles and simulations have been realized to estimate the maximum tolerable response time of the system, and to evaluate the impact of this delay on the Quality of Service. We quantify then the worst case response time of the system for a generic architecture based on TDMA protocol but independent of the communication network (could actually be TTP/C or FlexRay), and apply these generic results to a case study. We further define the notion of behavioral reliability as the probability that the worst case response time is less than a threshold. In our case study this behavioral reliability is evaluated and linked to the Safety Integrity Levels defined in IEC61508-1 standard. Based on this behavioral reliability concept, the final objective of our work is to propose a new dependability analysis method for X-by-Wire systems by taking into account both dynamic performance, fault-tolerance mechanisms and static redundancy of the system . || Les systÚmes de direction électronique (steer-by-Wire) doivent respecter des contraintes à la fois de fiabilité et de temps réel. Ce papier présente une approche intégrée pour évaluer à la fois les performances temporelles et la fiabilité comportemental

    Trends in Automotive Communication Systems

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    http://www.ieee.org/International audienceThe use of networks for communications between the Electronic Control Units (ECU) of a vehicle in production cars dates from the beginning of the 90s. The specific requirements of the different car domains have led to the development of a large number of automotive networks such as LIN, J1850, CAN, TTP/C, FlexRay, MOST, IDB1394, etc.. This paper first introduces the context of in-vehicle embedded systems and, in particular, the requirements imposed on the communication systems. Then, a comprehensive review of the most widely used, as well as the emerging automotive networks is given. Next, the current efforts of the automotive industry on middleware technologies, which may be of great help in mastering the heterogeneity, are reviewed. Finally, we highlight future trends in the development of automotive communication systems

    Design of automotive X-by-Wire systems

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    http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/X-by-Wire is a generic term referring to the replacement of mechanical or hydraulic systems, such as braking or steering, by electronic ones. In this chapter, we analyze the real-time and dependability constraints of X-by-Wire systems, review the fault-tolerant services that are needed and the communication protocols (TTP/C, FlexRay and TTCAN) considered for use in such systems. Using a Steer-by-Wire case-study, we detail the design principles and verification methods that can be used to ensure the stringent constraints of X-by-Wire systems

    Enhancing remediation of residual DNAPL in multilayer aquifers: Post-injection of alcohol-surfactant-polymer mixtures

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    Although polymer-surfactant injection is an effective remediation technology for multilayer aquifers contaminated by Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPL), the existence of residual DNAPL after treatment is inevitable. This study evaluates the efficiency of the post-injection of alcohol-surfactant-polymer (ASP) mixtures containing 1-propanol/1-hexanol, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), and xanthan in enhancing remediation of residual DNAPL in layered systems. A range of experimental devices, including batch, rheological measurements, centimetric 1D column, and decametric 2D tank experiments, were employed. Batch experiments revealed that the inclusion of 1-hexanol swelled the DNAPL volume due to alcohol partitioning. Conversely, with only 1-propanol present in the alcohol-surfactant (AS) mixture, DNAPL dissolved in the aqueous phase. The co-presence of 1-hexanol along with 1-propanol in AS mixture favored 1-propanol's partitioning into the DNAPL phase. Column experiments, following primary xanthan-SDBS (XS) injections, demonstrated that ASP mixtures with 1-hexanol (regardless of presence of 1-propanol) underwent a mobilization mechanism. DNAPL appeared in the effluent as an organic phase after the post-injection of 0.3 pore-volumes (PV), by a reduction trend in its density. In contrast, mixtures with solely 1-propanol exhibited a solubilization mechanism, with DNAPL dissolving in the aqueous phase and emerging in the effluent after approximately 1 PV. 2D tank experiments visualized mobilization and solubilization mechanisms in multilayered systems. Post-injection of the ASP mixture with solely 1-propanol led to DNAPL solubilization, demonstrated by a dark zone of varied DNAPL concentrations, followed by a clearer white zone indicating significant DNAPL dissolution. Injecting ASP mixture containing both 1-propanol and 1-hexanol mobilized swollen DNAPL ganglia throughout layers, with these droplets coalescing and migrating to the recovery point. The darkness of mobilized droplets was faded as more DNAPL was recovered. The solubilization ASP mixture enhanced the recovery factor by 0.02 while the mobilization ASP mixture led to a 0.08 increase in the recovery factor

    COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

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    Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≀ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≄ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

    Influence des fautes transitoires et des performances temps réel sur la sûreté des systÚmes X-by-Wire

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    L'introduction des systĂšmes embarquĂšs dans l'automobile Ă  commandes Ăšlectriques (X-by-Wire) pose des problĂšmes nouveaux et spĂšcifiques pour la tenue des exigences de sĂ»retĂ© de fonctionnement. En effet, ils sont dĂ©pourvus de la redondance mĂ©canique (barre de direction, circuit hydraulique...) capable d'offrir un service minimum en cas de dysfonctionnement important de l'Ă©lectronique. Ces systĂšmes largement distribuĂ©s sont particuliĂšrement sensibles aux perturbations d'ordre Ă©lectromagnĂ©tique, et chaque faute transitoire peut Ă©ventuellement ĂȘtre la cause d'une dĂ©faillance catastrophique. Dans ce contexte, le travail prĂ©sentĂ© ici est d'ordre mĂ©thodologique. En particulier, nous proposons une mĂ©thode de vĂ©rification des contraintes temps rĂ©el en mode nominal (mode non perturbĂ©), et une mĂ©thode de prĂ©vision quantitative de fautes (mode perturbĂ©) dont l'objectif est de mesurer l'influence des fautes transitoires liĂ©es Ă  l'environnement et des performances temps rĂ©el du systĂšme sur la sĂ»retĂ© (probabilitĂ© d'occurrences de dĂ©faillances catastrophiques par zone perturbĂ©e) de ce mĂȘme systĂšme. Nos travaux ont Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©s sur les systĂšmes de direction Steer-by-Wire, mais les mĂ©thodes d'Ă©valuation proposĂ©es sont gĂ©nĂ©riques. Pour l'instant, seule des prĂ©conisations internes aux entreprises sont ciblĂ©es. Ainsi, une exigence dont la garantie devrait ĂȘtre prouvĂ©e est, par exemple: la probabilitĂ© de dĂ©faillance catastrophique doit ĂȘtre infĂ©rieure Ă  1.10-9 par heure de fonctionnement. GrĂące Ă  la mĂ©thode que nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ©e, cette garantie sera alors complĂ©tĂ©e par l'Ă©valuation de la fiabilitĂ© comportementale du systĂšme. Fournissant des rĂ©sultats quantitatifs, cette technique permet de rĂ©aliser plusieurs Ă©tudes de sensitivitĂ©, comme, par exemple, l'influence de la durĂ©e du cycle de communication sur un protocole de communication de type TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), l'influence de la diversification dans la redondance des sous-systĂšmes, ou encore l'influence d'un mĂ©canisme de tolĂ©rance aux fautes proposĂ© par TTP/C et FlexRay.Introduction of X-by-Wire embedded systems in automotive is a source of new and specific problems for the respect of dependability requirements. They are implemented without the mechanical redundancy necessary to provide a minimal service in case of dysfunction of the electronic components. These systems are particularly sensible to ECM perturbations, and each transient fault can eventually be the cause of a catastrophic failure. ln this context, the work presented in this document is of methodological order. ln particular, we propose a method for the verification of real-time constraints in nominal mode (non perturbed mode), and a method for quantitative prevision of faults that measures the influence of transient faults due to environ ment and real-time performance on the safety (in term of probability of failure per perturbed zone) of this system. These works have been applied to Steer-by-Wire systems, but evaluation methods proposed in the document are generic. The respect of safety requirement (e.g.: 1.10-9 failure per functioning hour) is th en completed by the evaluation of the behavioral reliability. As this technique gives quantitative results, we can realize a few sensitivity analysis, like, for example, the measurement of the influence of the duration of the communication cycle for TDMA communications, the influence of the diversification in the redundancy of the subsystems, or the influence fault tolerance mechanisms proposed by TTP/C and FlexRay.NANCY/VANDOEUVRE-INPL (545472102) / SudocNANCY-INRIA Lorraine LORIA (545472304) / SudocSudocFranceF
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