993 research outputs found
Dielectronic Resonance Method for Measuring Isotope Shifts
Longstanding problems in the comparison of very accurate hyperfine-shift
measurements to theory were partly overcome by precise measurements on
few-electron highly-charged ions. Still the agreement between theory and
experiment is unsatisfactory. In this paper, we present a radically new way of
precisely measuring hyperfine shifts, and demonstrate its effectiveness in the
case of the hyperfine shift of and in
. It is based on the precise detection of dielectronic
resonances that occur in electron-ion recombination at very low energy. This
allows us to determine the hyperfine constant to around 0.6 meV accuracy which
is on the order of 10%
Resonance structure in the Li^- photodetachment cross section
We report on the first observation of resonance structure in the total cross
section for the photodetachment of Li^-. The structure arises from the
autodetaching decay of doubly excited ^1P states of Li^- that are bound with
respect to the 3p state of the Li atom. Calculations have been performed for
both Li^- and H^- to assist in the identification of these resonances. The
lowest lying resonance is a symmetrically excited intrashell resonance. Higher
lying asymmetrically excited intershell states are observed which converge on
the Li(3p) limit.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure, 19 references, RevTeX, figures in ep
Photoionization in the time and frequency domain
Ultrafast processes in matter, such as the electron emission following light
absorption, can now be studied using ultrashort light pulses of attosecond
duration (s) in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range. The lack of
spectral resolution due to the use of short light pulses may raise serious
issues in the interpretation of the experimental results and the comparison
with detailed theoretical calculations. Here, we determine photoionization time
delays in neon atoms over a 40 eV energy range with an interferometric
technique combining high temporal and spectral resolution. We spectrally
disentangle direct ionization from ionization with shake up, where a second
electron is left in an excited state, thus obtaining excellent agreement with
theoretical calculations and thereby solving a puzzle raised by seven-year-old
measurements. Our experimental approach does not have conceptual limits,
allowing us to foresee, with the help of upcoming laser technology, ultra-high
resolution time-frequency studies from the visible to the x-ray range.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
EU Peatlands: Current Carbon Stocks and Trace Gas Fluxes
Peatlands in Europe has formed a significant sink for atmospheric CO2 since the last glacial maximum. Currently they are estimated to hold ca. 42 Gt carbon in the form of peat and are therefore a considerable component in the European carbon budget. Due to the generally wet soil conditions in peatlands they are also significant emitters of the strong greenhouse gas (GHG) methane (CH4) and in some cases also of nitrous oxide (N2O). The EU funded CarboEurope-GHG Concerted Action attempts to develop a reliable and complete greenhouse gas budget for Europe and this report aims to provide a review and synthesis of the available information about GHG exchanges in European peatlands and their underlying processes. A best estimate for all the European countries shows that some are currently sinks for atmospheric CO2 while others are sources. In contrast, for CH4 and N2O, only the sources are relevant. Whilst some countries are CO2 sinks, all countries are net GHG emitters from peatlands. The results presented, however, carry large uncertainties, which cannot be adequately quantified yet. One outstanding uncertainty is the distribution of land use types, particular in Russia, the largest European peat nation. The synthesis of GHG exchange, nevertheless, indicates some interesting features. Russia hosts an estimated 41% of European peatlands and contributes most to all GHG exchanges (CO2: 25%, CH4: 52%, N2O: 26%, Total: 37%). Germany is the second-largest emitter (12% of European total) although it contains only 3.2% of European peatlands. The reason is the use of most of the peatland area for intensive cropland and grassland. The largest CO2 emitters are countries with large agricultural peatland areas (Russia, Germany, Belarus, Poland), the largest N2O emitters are those with large agricultural fen areas (Russia, Germany, Finland). In contrast, the largest CH4 emitters are concentrated in regions with large areas of intact mires, namely Russia and Scandinavia. High average emission densities above 3.5 t C-equiv. ha-1 are found in the Southeast Mediterranean, Germany and the Netherlands where agricultural use of peatlands is intense. Low average emission densities below 0.3 t C-equiv. ha-1 occur where mires and peatland forests dominate, e.g. Finland and the UK. This report concludes by pointing at key gaps in our knowledge about peatland carbon stocks and GHG exchanges which include insufficient basic information on areal distribution of peatlands, measurements of peat depth and also a lack of flux datasets providing full annual budgets of GHG exchanges
Macroecology of ground beetles : Species richness, range size and body size show different geographical patterns across a climatically heterogeneous area
Aim
Ecogeographical patterns have been widely studied in endothermic vertebrates, but relatively few studies have simultaneously examined patterns and causes of gradients in species richness, range size and body size in ectothermic insects. We examined patterns in species richness, mean range size and mean body size of ground beetle assemblages across the biogeographical provinces of Northern Europe, a region that was mostly covered by ice sheets during the latest Ice Age and that presents strong contemporary climatic gradients.
Location
Northern Europe.
Methods
We used literature information on the occurrence of ground beetles, and analysed patterns in species richness, mean range size and mean body size across the provinces using generalized linear models and boosted regression tree (BRT) analysis.
Results
We found a strongly decreasing gradient in species richness with increasing latitude, a strongly unimodal range size-latitude relationship, and a weak unimodal body size-latitude relationship in entire ground beetle assemblages. These gradients also varied among four major genera, suggesting that the overall patterns result from the nuances of smaller clades of ground beetles. The relative importance of contemporary environmental drivers also varied between species richness, mean range size and mean body size in BRT analysis. While species richness increased with mean annual temperature, mean range size showed an opposite relationship. Mean body size was most clearly associated with the precipitation of the driest month.
Main Conclusions
Our findings showed that the latitudinal species richness gradient was strong, and it was closely related to concomitant variation in temperature, whereas variations in mean range size and mean body size were more complex. These findings suggest that the causes for range size and body size variation in insects may be complex, requiring additional insights from studies conducted at local, regional and continental scales
CP-odd Phase Correlations and Electric Dipole Moments
We revisit the constraints imposed by electric dipole moments (EDMs) of
nucleons and heavy atoms on new CP-violating sources within supersymmetric
theories. We point out that certain two-loop renormalization group corrections
induce significant mixing between the basis-invariant CP-odd phases. In the
framework of the constrained minimal supersymmetric standard model (CMSSM), the
CP-odd invariant related to the soft trilinear A-phase at the GUT scale,
theta_A, induces non-trivial and distinct CP-odd phases for the three gaugino
masses at the weak scale. The latter give one-loop contributions to EDMs
enhanced by tan beta, and can provide the dominant contribution to the electron
EDM induced by theta_A. We perform a detailed analysis of the EDM constraints
within the CMSSM, exhibiting the reach, in terms of sparticle spectra, which
may be obtained assuming generic phases, as well as the limits on the CP-odd
phases for some specific parameter points where detailed phenomenological
studies are available. We also illustrate how this reach will expand with
results from the next generation of experiments which are currently in
development.Comment: 31 pages, 21 eps figures; v2: additional remarks on 2-loop threshold
corrections and references added; v3: typos corrected, to appear in Phys.
Rev.
Species trait selection along a prescribed fire chronosequence
1. Fire is a widespread management practice used in the maintenance of European heathland. Frequent prescribed burns in small patches have been shown to benefit carabid communities; however, how fire favours specific life-history traits is poorly understood. 2. In this study, we identify characteristic species of the successional stages within heathlands, and find the traits which are characteristic of species in burnt areas versus areas dominated by older heath stands. 3. We identify 10 species as indicator species for heathland in the pioneer stage (0â5 years old); Amara lunicollis, Bembidion lampros, Calathus fuscipes, Carabus problematicus, Cicindela campestris, Nebria salina, Notiophilus aquaticus, Poecilus cupreus, P. lepidus and P. versicolor. Dyschirius globosus is identified as an indicator for the building stage (6â14 years old), and Carabus violaceus as an indicator for the mature stage (15â25 years old). 4. Moisture preference and diet are identified as traits that determine species response to prescribed fire. Collembolan specialists and species with no moisture preference are shown to be most abundant in burnt patches, whereas generalist predators and species with a high moisture preference are less tolerant of fire. 5. Knowledge of species sorting along a prescribed fire gradient can provide valuable information for heathland conservation.publishedVersio
g factor of Li-like ions with nonzero nuclear spin
The fully relativistic theory of the g factor of Li-like ions with nonzero
nuclear spin is considered for the (1s)^2 2s state. The magnetic-dipole
hyperfine-interaction correction to the atomic g factor is calculated including
the one-electron contributions as well as the interelectronic-interaction
effects of order 1/Z. This correction is combined with the
interelectronic-interaction, QED, nuclear recoil, and nuclear size corrections
to obtain high-precision theoretical values for the g factor of Li-like ions
with nonzero nuclear spin. The results can be used for a precise determination
of nuclear magnetic moments from g factor experiments.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figure
Phylogenetic Relationships of Tribes Within Harpalinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as Inferred from 28S Ribosomal DNA and the Wingless Gene
Harpalinae is a large, monophyletic subfamily of carabid ground beetles containing more than 19,000 species in approximately 40 tribes. The higher level phylogenetic relationships within harpalines were investigated based on nucleotide data from two nuclear genes, wingless and 28S rDNA. Phylogenetic analyses of combined data indicate that many harpaline tribes are monophyletic, however the reconstructed trees showed little support for deeper nodes. In addition, our results suggest that the Lebiomorph Assemblage (tribes Lebiini, Cyclosomini, Graphipterini, Perigonini, Odacanthini, Lachnophorini, Pentagonicini, Catapiesini and Calophaenini), which is united by a morphological synapomorphy, is not monophyletic, and the tribe Lebiini is paraphyletic with respect to members of Cyclosomini. Two unexpected clades of tribes were supported: the Zuphiitae, comprised of Anthiini, Zuphiini, Helluonini, Dryptini, Galeritini, and Physocrotaphini; and a clade comprised of Orthogoniini, Pseudomorphini, and Graphipterini. The data presented in this study represent a dense sample of taxa to examine the molecular phylogeny of Harpalinae and provide a useful framework to examine the origin and evolution of morphological and ecological diversity in this group
Forest gene diversity is correlated with the composition and function of soil microbial communities
The growing field of community and ecosystem genetics indicates that plant genotype and genotypic variation are important for structuring communities and ecosystem processes. Little is known, however, regarding the effects of stand gene diversity on soil communities and processes under field conditions. Utilizing natural genetic variation occurring in Populus spp. hybrid zones, we tested the hypothesis that stand gene diversity structures soil microbial communities and influences soil nutrient pools. We found significant unimodal patterns relating gene diversity to soil microbial community composition, microbial exoenzyme activity of a carbonâacquiring enzyme, and availability of soil nitrogen. Multivariate analyses indicate that this pattern is due to the correlation between gene diversity, plant secondary chemistry, and the composition of the microbial community that impacts the availability of soil nitrogen. Together, these data from a natural system indicate that stand gene diversity may affect soil microbial communities and soil processes in ways similar to species diversity (i.e., unimodal patterns). Our results further demonstrate that the effects of plant genetic diversity on other organisms may be mediated by plant functional trait variation.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147191/1/pope0035.pd
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