809 research outputs found
Falling for Psych Improving Fall Safety for Behavioral Health Inpatients with the Edmonson Psychiatric Fall Risk Assessment Tool.
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Do high-protein diets have the potential to reduce gut barrier function in a sex-dependent manner?
Purpose Impaired gut barrier function is associated with systemic inflammation and many chronic diseases. Undigested
dietary proteins are fermented in the colon by the gut microbiota which produces nitrogenous metabolites shown to reduce
barrier function in vitro. With growing evidence of sex-based differences in gut microbiotas, we determined whether there
were sex by dietary protein interactions which could differentially impact barrier function via microbiota modification.
Methods Fermentation systems were inoculated with faeces from healthy males (n=5) and females (n=5) and supplemented with 0.9 g of non-hydrolysed proteins sourced from whey, fish, milk, soya, egg, pea, or mycoprotein. Microbial
populations were quantified using fluorescence in situ hybridisation with flow cytometry. Metabolite concentrations were
analysed using gas chromatography, solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and
ELISA.
Results Increased protein availability resulted in increased proteolytic Bacteroides spp (p<0.01) and Clostridium coccoides
(p<0.01), along with increased phenol (p<0.01), p-cresol (p<0.01), indole (p=0.018) and ammonia (p<0.01), varying
by protein type. Counts of Clostridium cluster IX (p=0.03) and concentration of p-cresol (p=0.025) increased in males,
while females produced more ammonia (p=0.02), irrespective of protein type. Further, we observed significant sex-protein
interactions affecting bacterial populations and metabolites (p<0.005).
Conclusions Our findings suggest that protein fermentation by the gut microbiota in vitro is influenced by both protein
source and the donor’s sex. Should these results be confirmed through human studies, they could have major implications
for developing dietary recommendations tailored by sex to prevent chronic illnesses
Multiple Images of a Highly Magnified Supernova Formed by an Early-Type Cluster Galaxy Lens
In 1964, Refsdal hypothesized that a supernova whose light traversed multiple
paths around a strong gravitational lens could be used to measure the rate of
cosmic expansion. We report the discovery of such a system. In Hubble Space
Telescope imaging, we have found four images of a single supernova forming an
Einstein cross configuration around a redshift z=0.54 elliptical galaxy in the
MACS J1149.6+2223 cluster. The cluster's gravitational potential also creates
multiple images of the z=1.49 spiral supernova host galaxy, and a future
appearance of the supernova elsewhere in the cluster field is expected. The
magnifications and staggered arrivals of the supernova images probe the cosmic
expansion rate, as well as the distribution of matter in the galaxy and cluster
lenses.Comment: Published in the 6 March 2015 issue of Science; 17 pages, 7 figures,
and 3 tables including Supplementary Material
GOALS-JWST: Small neutral grains and enhanced 3.3 micron PAH emission in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 7469
We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near Infrared Spectrograph
(NIRSpec) integral-field spectroscopy of the nearby luminous infrared galaxy,
NGC 7469. We take advantage of the high spatial/spectral resolution and
wavelength coverage of JWST /NIRSpec to study the 3.3 um neutral polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) grain emission on ~60 pc scales. We find a clear
change in the average grain properties between the star-forming ring and the
central AGN. Regions in the vicinity of the AGN, with [NeIII]/[NeII]>0.25, tend
to have larger grain sizes and lower aliphatic-to-aromatic (3.4/3.3) ratios
indicating that smaller grains are preferentially removed by photo-destruction
in the vicinity of the AGN. We find an overall suppression of the total PAH
emission relative to the ionized gas in the central 1 kpc region of the AGN in
NGC 7469 compared to what has been observed with Spitzer on 3 kpc scales.
However, the fractional 3.3 um to total PAH power is enhanced in the starburst
ring, possibly due to a variety of physical effects on sub-kpc scales,
including recurrent fluorescence of small grains or multiple photon absorption
by large grains. Finally, the IFU data show that while the 3.3 um PAH-derived
star formation rate (SFR) in the ring is 8% higher than that inferred from the
[NeII] and [NeIII] emission lines, the integrated SFR derived from the 3.3 um
feature would be underestimated by a factor of two due to the deficit of PAHs
around the AGN, as might occur if a composite system like NGC 7469 were to be
observed at high-redshift.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, Submitted to ApJ
A Novel Molecular Solution for Ultraviolet Light Detection in Caenorhabditis elegans
For many organisms the ability to transduce light into cellular signals is crucial for survival. Light stimulates DNA repair and metabolism changes in bacteria, avoidance responses in single-cell organisms, attraction responses in plants, and both visual and nonvisual perception in animals. Despite these widely differing responses, in all of nature there are only six known families of proteins that can transduce light. Although the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans has none of the known light transduction systems, we show here that C. elegans strongly accelerates its locomotion in response to blue or shorter wavelengths of light, with maximal responsiveness to ultraviolet light. Our data suggest that C. elegans uses this light response to escape the lethal doses of sunlight that permeate its habitat. Short-wavelength light drives locomotion by bypassing two critical signals, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and diacylglycerol (DAG), that neurons use to shape and control behaviors. C. elegans mutants lacking these signals are paralyzed and unresponsive to harsh physical stimuli in ambient light, but short-wavelength light rapidly rescues their paralysis and restores normal levels of coordinated locomotion. This light response is mediated by LITE-1, a novel ultraviolet light receptor that acts in neurons and is a member of the invertebrate Gustatory receptor (Gr) family. Heterologous expression of the receptor in muscle cells is sufficient to confer light responsiveness on cells that are normally unresponsive to light. Our results reveal a novel molecular solution for ultraviolet light detection and an unusual sensory modality in C. elegans that is unlike any previously described light response in any organism
The Lantern, 2015-2016
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