DNA damage response following UV-light exposure: putting out the fire before cell collapse

DNA is a reactive molecule and it is estimated that more than 20 thousand lesions are induced endogenously per cell per day, besides other induced by exogenous agents such as ultraviolet light exposure, resulting in physical blockage of DNA replication and transcription machineries. In response to DNA damage, cells activate responses that promote cell cycle regulation and DNA repair, avoiding replication or mitosis catastrophe. If DNA damage exceeds DNA repair capacity, cells induce cell death as last resort. The importance of responses to DNA damage is exemplified by human syndromes with premature aging phenotype and increased risk of cancer, and their study could contribute to understanding of tumorigenesis and development of improved therapies.O DNA é uma molécula reativa e estima-se que mais de 20 mil lesões no DNA sejam induzidas de maneira endógena por dia por célula, além de outras induzidas por agentes exógenos como a luz ultravioleta, resultando em bloqueio físico das maquinarias de replicação e transcrição do DNA Em resposta a lesões no DNA, células ativam respostas que promovem regulação do ciclo celular e reparo do DNA, evitando catásfrofes durante a replicação ou na mitose. Caso a quantidade de danos ultrapasse a capacidade de reparo, as células podem induzir morte celular como último recurso. A importância das respostas ao dano no DNA é exemplificada por síndromes humanas, com fenótipo de envelhecimento precoce ou aumento de risco de câncer, e seu estudo poderá contribuir para o entendimento da tumorigênese e desenvolvimento de melhores terapias

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

DNA damage responses involved in the recovery of replication and transcription blockage in human cells.

A luz ultravioleta (UV) bloqueia a replicação e transcrição devido à formação de lesões que distorcem o DNA. Descobrimos que a depleção da quinase ATR promove a indução precoce de apoptose após irradiação com luz UVB em fibroblastos humanos imortalizados com SV40 e que mesmo células proficientes em reparo de DNA e síntese translesão foram incapazes de alcançar a mitose após depleção de ATR. Essa quinase também representa um alvo promissor para sensibilizar tumores com mutações em p53 ao quimioterápico cisplatina e ao indutor de estresse oxidativo cloroquina. Além do bloqueio da replicação, danos no DNA bloqueiam a síntese de RNA. Utilizamos sequenciamento para mapear RNA nascentes e analisar a recuperação da transcrição em escala genômica. Genes mais longos são mais inibidos por luz UV, mas o nível de expressão gênica não contribui para a recuperação da transcrição. Além disso, o reparo de DNA é similar entre genes com recuperação da transcrição distinta e outras regulações, além da remoção de lesões no DNA, devem existir para que a síntese de RNA recomece.Ultraviolet (UV) light stalls replication and transcription due to the formation of lesions that distort DNA. We found that ATR silencing promotes early induction of apoptosis after UVB light in human fibroblasts immortalized with SV40 and even cells proficient in DNA repair and translesion synthesis were unable to reach mitosis after ATR depletion. This kinase is also a promising target for sensitizing tumors with p53 mutations to chemotherapeutic that block replication, such as cisplatin, and the oxidative stress inducer chloroquine. In addition to blocking the replication, DNA damage arrest the synthesis of RNA. We used next-generation sequencing to map and analyze the nascent RNA transcription recovery genome-wide. We confirmed that longer genes are more inhibited following UV light, however, the level of gene expression does not contribute to the recovery of transcription. Moreover, DNA repair is similar among genes with different recovery of transcription and further regulation, besides DNA damage removal, must exist to promote resumption of RNA synthesis

Glutathione depletion sensitizes cisplatin- and temozolomide-resistant glioma cells in vitro and in vivo.

Malignant glioma is a severe type of brain tumor with a poor prognosis and few options for therapy. The main chemotherapy protocol for this type of tumor is based on temozolomide (TMZ), albeit with limited success. Cisplatin is widely used to treat several types of tumor and, in association with TMZ, is also used to treat recurrent glioma. However, several mechanisms of cellular resistance to cisplatin restrict therapy efficiency. In that sense, enhanced DNA repair, high glutathione levels and functional p53 have a critical role on cisplatin resistance. In this work, we explored several mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in human glioma. We showed that cellular survival was independent of the p53 status of those cells. In addition, in a host-cell reactivation assay using cisplatin-treated plasmid, we did not detect any difference in DNA repair capacity. We demonstrated that cisplatin-treated U138MG cells suffered fewer DNA double-strand breaks and DNA platination. Interestingly, the resistant cells carried higher levels of intracellular glutathione. Thus, preincubation with the glutathione inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) induced massive cell death, whereas N-acetyl cysteine, a precursor of glutathione synthesis, improved the resistance to cisplatin treatment. In addition, BSO sensitized glioma cells to TMZ alone or in combination with cisplatin. Furthermore, using an in vivo model the combination of BSO, cisplatin and TMZ activated the caspase 3–7 apoptotic pathway. Remarkably, the combined treatment did not lead to severe side effects, while causing a huge impact on tumor progression. In fact, we noted a remarkable threefold increase in survival rate compared with other treatment regimens. Thus, the intracellular glutathione concentration is a potential molecular marker for cisplatin resistance in glioma, and the use of glutathione inhibitors, such as BSO, in association with cisplatin and TMZ seems a promising approach for the therapy of such devastating tumors

Chloroquine - induced glioma cells death is associated with mitochondrial membrane potential loss, but not oxidative stress.

Chloroquine (CQ), a quinolone derivative widely used to treat and prevent malaria, has been shown to exert a potent adjuvant effect when combined with conventional glioblastoma therapy. Despite inducing lysosome destabilization and activating p53 in human glioma cells, the mechanisms under lying cell death induced by this drug are poorly under stood. Here, we analyzed inatime – anddose – dependent manner, the effects of CQ up on mitochondria integrity, autophagy regulation and redox processes in four human glioma cell lines that differin their resistance to this drug. NAC – containing media protected cells against CQ-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), autophagyic vacuoles (LC3II) accumulation and loss of cell viability induced by CQ. However, we noticed that part of this protection was due to media acidification in NAC preparations, alerting for problems in experimental procedures using NAC. The results indicate that although CQ induces accumulation of LC3II, mitochondria, and oxidative stress, neither of these events is clearly correlated to cell death induced by this drug. The only event elicited in all cell lines at equitoxic doses of CQ was the loss of MMP, indicating that mitochondrial stability is important for cells resistance to this drug. Finally, the data indicate that higher steady-state MMP values can predict cell resistance to CQ treatment

Effect of camptothecin on transcriptional readthrough and synthesis of PROMPTs and eRNA.

<p>As in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078190#pone-0078190-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>, human fibroblasts were treated with 20 µM camptothecin for 45 min with 2 mM Bru added during the last 15 min of camptothecin treatment to label nascent RNA followed by Bru-Seq. (<b>A</b>), Transcriptional readthrough of the termination site of the <i>RHOB</i> gene induced by camptothecin. (<b>B</b>), Enhanced initiation of the <i>ASCC3</i> gene and coincident upregulation of divergent upstream PROMPT RNA. (<b>C</b>), Enhanced expression of eRNA from the 5’-upstream enhancer of <i>FOS</i> by camptothecin. (<b>D</b>), Camptothecin inhibits the transcription of the primary transcript of miRNA138-1. (<b>E</b>), Camptothecin induces transcription of the ncRNA MALAT1. (F), Camptothecin inhibits the transcription of a very long unannotated ncRNA on chromosome 2. The gene maps are from RefSeq Genes (UCSC genome browser).</p