Morphological Dependence of Star Formation Properties for the Galaxies in the Merging Galaxy Cluster A2255

The merging cluster of galaxies A2255 is covered by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) survey. In this paper we perform a morphological classification on the basis of the SDSS imaging and spectral data, and investigate the morphological dependence of the star formation rates (SFRs) for these member galaxies. As we expect, a tight correlation between the normalized SFR by stellar mass (SFR/M$_*$) and the H$\alpha$ equivalent width is found for the late-type galaxies in A2255. The correlation of SFR/M$_*$ with the continuum break strength at 4000 \AA is also confirmed. The SFR/M$_*$ - M$_*$ correlation is found for both the early- and late-type galaxies, indicating that the star formation activity tends to be suppressed when the assembled stellar mass M$_*$) increases, and this correlation is tighter and steeper for the late-type cluster galaxies. Compared with the mass range of field spiral galaxies, only two massive late-type galaxies with M$_*>10^{11}$ M$_{\odot}$ are survived in A2255, suggesting that the gas disks of massive spiral galaxies could have been tidally stripped during cluster formation. Additionally, the SFR variation with the projected radial distance are found to be heavily dependent upon galaxy morphology: the early-type galaxies have a very weak inner decrease in SFR/M$_*$, while the inner late-type galaxies tend to have higher SFR/M$_*$ values than the outer late-types. This may suggest that the galaxy-scale turbulence stimulated by the merging of subclusters might have played different roles on early- and late-type galaxies, which leads to a suppression of the star formation activity for E/S0 galaxies and a SFR enhancement for spiral and irregular galaxies.Comment: 21 pages, including 7 EPS figures and 1 tables, uses aastex.cls, Accepted by the A

A novel numerical implementation of electrochemical-thermal battery model for electrified powertrains with conserved spherical diffusion and high efficiency

The performance of batteries in electrified powertrain systems is highly influenced by mass diffusion and electrochemistry which are often ignored in the simulation of these systems due to the lack of a conserved, efficient, and integrable battery model. Therefore, this work numerically implements an electrochemical-thermal battery model with conserved numerical schemes and efficient numerical methods which include Jacobian-based and Jacobian-Free Newton Krylov (JFNK) solvers. The performance of the developed model is evaluated by simulating measurements of a LiFePO 4 battery under constant discharge rates and Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), as well as by a detailed comparison with existing battery models. The comparison highlights two features of our model: (a) negligible mass imbalances in the spherical diffusion modelling, which are five orders of magnitude smaller than those from a recent battery model in the literature; (b) efficient modelling of real-world driving cycles with the computational time two orders of magnitude shorter than that of the literature model. These advanced features indicate that our model can be applied in both fundamental electrochemical-thermal studies of lithium-ion battery and detailed simulations of electrified powertrains as an accurate and efficient sub-model.</p

Upregulation of the ferroptosis-related STEAP3 gene is a specific predictor of poor triple-negative breast cancer patient outcomes

ObjectiveThis study was designed to assess ferroptosis regulator gene (FRG) expression patterns in patients with TNBC based on data derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Further, it was utilized to establish a TNBC FRG signature, after which the association between this signature and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) composition was assessed, and relevant prognostic factors were explored.MethodsThe TCGA database was used to obtain RNA expression datasets and clinical information about 190 TNBC patients, after which a prognostic TNBC-related FRG signature was established using a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression approach. These results were validated with separate data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The TNBC-specific prognostic gene was identified via this method. The STEAP3 was then validated through Western immunoblotting, immunohistochemical staining, and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analyses of clinical tissue samples and TNBC cell lines. Chemotherapy interactions and predicted drug sensitivity studies were investigated to learn more about the potential clinical relevance of these observations.ResultsThese data revealed that 87 FRGs were differentially expressed when comparing TNBC tumors and healthy tissue samples (87/259, 33.59%). Seven of these genes (CA9, CISD1, STEAP3, HMOX1, DUSP1, TAZ, HBA1) are significantly related to the overall survival of TNBC patients. Kaplan-Meier analyses and established FRG signatures and nomograms identified CISD1 and STEAP3 genes of prognostic relevance. Prognostic Risk Score values were positively correlated with the infiltration of CD4+ T cells (p = 0.001) and myeloid dendritic cells (p =0.004). Further evidence showed that STEAP3 was strongly and specifically associated with TNBC patient OS (P&lt;0.05). The results above were confirmed by additional examinations of STEAP3 expression changes in TNBC patient samples and cell lines. High STEAP3 levels were negatively correlated with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for GSK1904529A (IGF1R inhibitor), AS601245 (JNK inhibitor), XMD8−85 (Erk5 inhibitor), Gefitinib, Sorafenib, and 5-Fluorouracil (P &lt; 0.05) in patients with TNBC based on information derived from the TCGA-TNBC dataset.ConclusionIn the present study, a novel FRG model was developed and used to forecast the prognosis of TNBC patients accurately. Furthermore, it was discovered that STEAP3 was highly overexpressed in people with TNBC and associated with overall survival rates, laying the groundwork for the eventually targeted therapy of individuals with this form of cancer

Genome-wide identification and evolution of ATP-binding cassette transporters in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila: A case of functional divergence in a multigene family

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In eukaryotes, ABC transporters that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to expel cellular substrates into the environment are responsible for most of the efflux from cells. Many members of the superfamily of ABC transporters have been linked with resistance to multiple drugs or toxins. Owing to their medical and toxicological importance, members of the ABC superfamily have been studied in several model organisms and warrant examination in newly sequenced genomes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 165 ABC transporter genes, constituting a highly expanded superfamily relative to its size in other eukaryotes, were identified in the macronuclear genome of the ciliate <it>Tetrahymena thermophila</it>. Based on ortholog comparisons, phylogenetic topologies and intron characterizations, each highly expanded ABC transporter family of <it>T</it>. <it>thermophila </it>was classified into several distinct groups, and hypotheses about their evolutionary relationships are presented. A comprehensive microarray analysis revealed divergent expression patterns among the members of the ABC transporter superfamily during different states of physiology and development. Many of the relatively recently formed duplicate pairs within individual ABC transporter families exhibit significantly different expression patterns. Further analysis showed that multiple mechanisms have led to functional divergence that is responsible for the preservation of duplicated genes.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Gene duplications have resulted in an extensive expansion of the superfamily of ABC transporters in the <it>Tetrahymena </it>genome, making it the largest example of its kind reported in any organism to date. Multiple independent duplications and subsequent divergence contributed to the formation of different families of ABC transporter genes. Many of the members within a gene family exhibit different expression patterns. The combination of gene duplication followed by both sequence divergence and acquisition of new patterns of expression likely plays a role in the adaptation of <it>Tetrahymen </it>a to its environment.</p

Solution structural analysis of the single-domain parvulin TbPin1

10.1371/journal.pone.0043017PLoS ONE78

High-mobility graphene on liquid p-block elements by ultra-low-loss CVD growth

The high-quality and low-cost of the graphene preparation method decide whether graphene is put into the applications finally. Enormous efforts have been devoted to understand and optimize the CVD process of graphene over various d-block transition metals (e.g. Cu, Ni and Pt). Here we report the growth of uniform high-quality single-layer, single-crystalline graphene flakes and their continuous films over p-block elements (e.g. Ga) liquid films using ambient-pressure chemical vapor deposition. The graphene shows high crystalline quality with electron mobility reaching levels as high as 7400 cm2 V−1s−1 under ambient conditions. Our employed growth strategy is ultra-low-loss. Only trace amounts of Ga are consumed in the production and transfer of the graphene and expensive film deposition or vacuum systems are not needed. We believe that our research will open up new territory in the field of graphene growth and thus promote its practical application

Systematic Analyses of the Genus Architricha and Pleurotricha curdsi (Ciliophora, Oxytrichidae), with Redescriptions of Their Morphology

Two oxytrichids Architricha indica Gupta et al., 2006 and Pleurotricha curdsi (Shi et al. 2002) Gupta et al., 2003 collected in East China, were studied using live observation and the silver staining method. The description and morphometric characterization of the new populations were supplied. The Shanghai population of A. indica differs from the Indian population in the number of cirri in the third right marginal row (average of 16.8 vs. 21.1). The Shanghai population of P. curdsicorresponds well with the Indian population, but it differs from the other Chinese population in the number of right marginal rows (two vs. three). The early process of reorganization of A. indica was studied, and a difference on the formation of anlage V was found compared to the original report. The small subunit rRNA genes of both species were sequenced for the first time. The phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA gene sequence data revealed that Architricha is sister to the assemblage of Pseudouroleptus caudatus and two Strongylidium, while P. curdsi clusters with its congener P. lanceolata and is located in Stylonychinae