Análisis curricular del programa de la asignatura de pedíatria para el cuarto año de medicina. Curricular Análisis on the Syllabus of the Subject of Pediatrics for the 4th. Academic Year of Medicine

La planeación curricular exige de cambios transformadores, capaces de formar el profesional competente, y capaz de laborar acorde a las competencias y desempeños del mercado profesional vigente. Por ello los diseños establecidos en asignaturas, planes y/o programas de estudios deben ir al unísono de todos los cambios que la sociedad imperante genera. Se realiza una revisión del actual diseño curricular del Programa vigente para la Asignatura de Pediatría por un grupo de profesores que componen la cátedra de dicha asignatura, en el Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Docente "Pepe Portilla" de Pinar del Río, Cuba, durante el período del año 2006. El objetivo básico de esta revisión documental es: desarrollar un análisis crítico del actual Programa de la Asignatura de Pediatría, que nos permita formular sus transformaciones. Se parte en la revisión de efectuar un diagnóstico con profesores, alumnos de 4to año y graduados con la aplicación de este programa. Son determinadas a partir del diagnóstico un total de 4 suficiencias y 9 insuficiencias en el diseño curricular que presenta el programa. La revisión llega a las siguientes conclusiones: el actual diseño curricular del Programa vigente para la Asignatura de Pediatría debe ser  reestructurado de manera inmediata, ya que el mismo no responde a las actuales necesidades de aprendizaje del médico que formamos, ni a los retos de transformación actuales, que es el perfeccionamiento continuo de planes y programas de estudio vigentes para la Educación Superior Las transformaciones curriculares deben ser efectuadas  debido a las necesidades imperantes de desarrollo de la sociedad. Se proponen un grupo de transformaciones sobre el diseño de este programa de asignatura de Pediatría que contribuirán al desarrollo de competencias y desempeño acordes a las actuales tendencias. Palabras clave: Planeación curricular, diseño curricular, programa de asignatura de Pediatría, transformaciones curriculares. ABSTRACT The curricular planning requires transforming changes, capable of forming competent professionals, capable of working in accordance with the competition and performance of the current professional market. That is why the designs set in subjects, plans and/or syllabi must be in one accord with all the changes which the present-day society produces. A revision of the current curricular model of the in-force syllabus for the subject of Pediatrics was revised by a group of professors from the Department of the said subject, at "Pepe Portilla" Provincial Teaching Pediatric Hospital in Pinar del Río, during 2006. The basic aim of this documentary revision was to carry out a critical analysis on the current syllabus of the subject of Pediatrics, which allows us to formulate its transformations. The revision was done from a diagnosis with professors, 4th year students and graduates with the application of this syllabus. From the diagnosis 4 adequacies and 9 inadequacies were found in the curricular design that the syllabus presents. After the revision, the following conclusiones were tailored: the current curricular designs of the in-force syllabus for the subject of Pediatrics must be structured immediately, as it does not meet the current needs of learning on doctors' part nor does it respond to the challenges of current transformations, which is the ongoing improvement of in-force plans and syllabus for Higher Education. Curricular transformations should be carried out due to prevailing needs of development in society. Various transformations on the design of this syllabus for the subject of Pediatrics were proposed and will contribute to the development of competition and performance in accordance with the current trends. Key words: CURRICULAR PLANNING, CURRICULAR DESIGN, SYLLABUS FOR THE SUBJECT OF PEDIATRICS, CURRICULAR TRANSFORMATIONS

El interés superior de la infancia considerada indígena

In modern constitutional systems, various international instruments have been planned and signed and a whole legal bloc has been established, which provides for specific rights for girls, boys and adolescents; which establishes the responsibility that all public and private authorities and institutions have for their well-being, categorized as a vulnerable social sector, the problem is aggravated by a new suspicious category of belonging to an ethnic group where the conditions of marginalization are accentuated , spaces that for a long time have been excluded from the legal debate, from public policies and that require an effective resizing. The present article, in its essay modality, aims to make some conceptual and legal clarifications, approach that is carried out as a dogmatic and normative study, referenced from the indigenous social legal environment in Oaxaca, Mexico.En los sistemas constitucionales modernos se han previsto y signado diversos instrumentos internacionales y creado todo un bloque jurídico en donde se prevén derechos específicos para las niñas, niños y adolescentes; en los que se establece la responsabilidad que todas las autoridades e instituciones públicas o privadas tienen sobre su bienestar, categorizada como un sector social vulnerable, el problema se agrava con una nueva categoría sospechosa de pertenencia a un grupo étnico donde se acentúan las condiciones de marginación, espacios que por mucho tiempo se ha excluido del debate jurídico, de las políticas públicas y que requiere un redimensionamiento efectivo. El presente artículo, tiene como objetivo hacer algunas aclaraciones conceptuales y jurídicas, abordaje que se realiza como estudio dogmático y normativo, referenciado desde el entorno jurídico social indígena en Oaxaca, México

Rapid and improved identification of drinking water bacteria using the Drinking Water Library, a dedicated MALDI-TOF MS database

According to the European Directives (UE) 2020/2184 and 2009/54/EC, which establishes the sanitary criteria for water intended for human consumption in Europe, water suitable for human consumption must be free of the bacterial indicators Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens and Enterococcus spp. Drinking water is also monitored for heterotrophic bacteria, which are not a human health risk, but can serve as an index of bacteriological water quality. Therefore, a rapid, accurate, and cost-effective method for the identification of these colonies would improve our understanding of the culturable bacteria of drinking water and facilitate the task of water management by treatment facilities. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is potentially such a method, although most of the currently available mass spectral libraries have been developed in a clinical setting and have limited environmental applicability. In this work, a MALDITOF MS drinking water library (DWL) was defined and developed by targeting bacteria present in water intended for human consumption. This database, made up of 319 different bacterial strains, can contribute to the routine microbiological control of either treated drinking water or mineral bottled water carried out by water treatment and distribution operators, offering a faster identification rate compared to a clinical sample-based library. The DWL, made up of 96 bacterial genera, 44 of which are not represented in the MALDI-TOF MS bacterial Bruker Daltonics (BDAL) database, was found to significantly improve the identification of bacteria present in drinking water

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Assessment of PaO2/FiO2 for stratification of patients with moderate and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome

Objectives: A recent update of the definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) proposed an empirical classification based on ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) at ARDS onset. Since the proposal did not mandate PaO2/FiO2 calculation under standardised ventilator settings (SVS), we hypothesised that a stratification based on baseline PaO2/FiO2 would not provide accurate assessment of lung injury severity. Design: A prospective, multicentre, observational study. Setting: A network of teaching hospitals. Participants: 478 patients with eligible criteria for moderate (100300). Primary and secondary outcomes Group severity and hospital mortality. Results: At ARDS onset, 173 patients had a PaO2/FiO2≤100 but only 38.7% met criteria for severe ARDS at 24 h under SVS. When assessed under SVS, 61.3% of patients with severe ARDS were reclassified as moderate, mild and non-ARDS, while lung severity and hospital mortality changed markedly with every PaO2/FiO2 category (p<0.000001). Our model of risk stratification outperformed the stratification using baseline PaO2/FiO2 and non-standardised PaO2/FiO2 at 24 h, when analysed by the predictive receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve: area under the ROC curve for stratification at baseline was 0.583 (95% CI 0.525 to 0.636), 0.605 (95% CI 0.552 to 0.658) at 24 h without SVS and 0.693 (95% CI 0.645 to 0.742) at 24 h under SVS (p<0.000001). Conclusions: Our findings support the need for patient assessment under SVS at 24 h after ARDS onset to assess disease severity, and have implications for the diagnosis and management of ARDS patients. Trial registration numbers NCT00435110 and NCT00736892

Clinical Impact of the Time in Therapeutic Range on Early Hospital Readmission in Patients with Acute Heart Failure Treated with Oral Anticoagulation in Internal Medicine

Background and objectives: Patients with heart failure (HF) often present with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and require oral anticoagulation with coumarin anticoagulants such as acenocoumarol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between time in therapeutic range (TTR) and the risk of early readmission. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out on hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of HF between 2014 and 2018 who had adverse effects due to oral anticoagulation with acenocoumarol (underdosing, overdosing, or hemorrhage). Clinical, analytical, therapeutic, and prognostic variables were collected. TTR is defined as the duration of time in which the patient’s International Normalized Ratio (INR) values were within a desired range. Early readmission was defined as readmission within 30 days after hospital discharge. Patients were divided into two groups depending on whether or not they had a TTR less than 60% (TTR < 60%) over the 6 months prior to the adverse event. Results: In the cohort of 304 patients, the mean age was 82 years, 59.9% of the patients were female, and 54.6% had a TTR < 60%. Patients with TTR < 60% had a higher HAS-BLED score (4.04 vs. 2.59; p < 0.001) and INR (6 vs. 5.31; p < 0.05) but lower hemoglobin (11.67 vs. 12.22 g/dL; p < 0.05). TTR < 60% was associated with early readmission after multivariate analysis (OR: 2.05 (CI 95%: 1.16–3.61)). They also had a higher percentage of hemorrhagic events and in-hospital mortality but without reaching statistical significance. Conclusions: Patients with HF and adverse events due to acenocoumarol often have poor INR control, which is independently associated with a higher risk of early readmission

LOS IMAGINARIOS SOCIALES Y EL TURISMO: CONCEPTOS Y APLICACIONES

Libro en formato pdfLa difusión y aceptación progresiva de lo relacionado con los imaginarios y representaciones sociales en el entorno académico mexicano, han conllevado a la adhesión de destacados académicos a esa línea de trabajo así como a la formación continua de jóvenes investigadores que buscaron aplicar los temas correspondientes a estudios de caso. Por lo mismo, la publicación se divide en dos partes: la primera presenta las aportaciones conceptuales de autores de varias latitudes de la geografía del país, reuniendo textos de conocidos(as) académicos(as) entre los estudiosos de las representaciones y los imaginarios como (citados en el orden de la publicación) Lidia Girola, Martha de Alba González, Milton Aragón Palacios, Daniel Hiernaux-Nicolás, Ilia Alvarado-Sizzo, Álvaro López López y Víctor Fernando Zamora Águila. La segunda parte que intitulamos simplemente “Aplicaciones” integra los textos de Rosa Adriana Vázquez Gómez, Maribel Osorio García, Carlos Rogelio Virgen Aguilar, Alfonso Zepeda Arce, Mario Alberto Velázquez García, Helene Balslev Clausen y Eloy Méndez Sainz. El lector notará a primera vista la variedad de los casos de aplicación: además del ya citado estudio sobre jóvenes estudiantes, se integra un trabajo sobre Vallarta, otro sobre el nuevo imaginario del pulque y, una reflexión interesante que muestra el potencial de la literatura para analizar el paisaje de pueblo.Universidad Panamericana, Red de Investigación Turística (RIT) y Red Iberoamericana de Investigación en Imaginarios y Representaciones Sociales (RIIR

Adjuvant interferon gamma in patients with pulmonary atypical Mycobacteriosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>High antibiotic resistance is described in atypical Mycobacteriosis, mainly by <it>Mycobacterium avium </it>complex (MAC).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out in two hospitals to evaluate the effect of interferon (IFN) gamma as immunoadjuvant to chemotherapy on patients with atypical mycobacteria lung disease. Patients received placebo or 1 × 10⁶IU recombinant human IFN gamma intramuscularly, daily for one month and then three times per week up to 6 months as adjuvant to daily oral azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ethambutol and rifampin. Sputum samples collection for direct smear observation and culture as well as clinical and thorax radiography assessments were done during treatment and one year after. Cytokines and oxidative stress determinations were carried out in peripheral blood before and after treatment.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Eighteen patients were included in the IFN group and 14 received placebo. Groups were homogeneous at entry; average age was 60 years, 75% men, 84% white; MAC infection prevailed (94%). At the end of treatment, 72% of patients treated with IFN gamma were evaluated as complete responders, but only 36% in the placebo group. The difference was maintained during follow-up. A more rapid complete response was obtained in the IFN group (5 months before), with a significantly earlier improvement in respiratory symptoms and pulmonary lesions reduction. Disease-related deaths were 35.7% of the patients in the placebo group and only 11.1% in the IFN group. Three patients in the IFN group normalized their globular sedimentation rate values. Although differences in bacteriology were not significant during the treatment period, some patients in the placebo group converted again to positive during follow-up. Significant increments in serum TGF-beta and advanced oxidation protein products were observed in the placebo group but not among IFN receiving patients. Treatments were well tolerated. Flu-like symptoms predominated in the IFN gamma group. No severe events were recorded.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These data suggest that IFN gamma is useful and well tolerated as adjuvant therapy in patients with pulmonary atypical Mycobacteriosis, predominantly MAC. Further wider clinical trials are encouraged.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN70900209.</p