Design Optimization of Flattop Interleaver and Its Dispersion Compensation

The objective of this paper is to present a general strategy for design optimization of flattop interleavers, and dispersion compensation for the interleavers, in order to achieve superior optical performance. The interleaver is formed by two multi-cavity Gire-Tournois etalons (MC-GTE) in a Michelson Interferometer (MI). An interleaver that has m cavities in one etalon and n cavities in the other is called an mn-GTE interleaver. Our optimization strategy exploits the general flattop condition and the technique of ripple equalization. Any mn-GTE interleaver may be optimized. The spectral performance can be greatly improved by the optimization process. As an illustration, we present a comprehensive analysis for a 11-GTE and a 21-GTE interleaver. The analytical expressions for flattop conditions, peak and trough positions are derived for optimization. The optimal performance of the interleavers can be controlled by the reflection coefficients and the parameters m and n. To achieve low-dispersion mn-GTE flattop interleavers, we propose to use one additional MC-GTE as a dispersion compensator to compensate for the chromatic dispersion. The analytical expressions of group delays and chromatic dispersions for an MC-GTE interleaver are derived. The optimization strategy of dispersion-ripple equalization is explained. The results show that the dispersion performance can be tailored by changing the reflection coefficients of the MC-GTE, and the dispersion and bandwidth can be enhanced by increasing the number of cavities of the MC-GTE

Temperature Effects of a Multimode Biconical Fiber Coupler

A theoretical analysis of the temperature sensitivity of a multimode biconical fiber coupler as well as that of a multimode uniform fiber coupler has been given. The results show that a biconical coupler has some advantages over an ordinary fiber coupler as a temperature sensor or as a temperature-independent coupler

Equivalent-Layer Method for Optical Waveguides with a Multi-Quantum-Well Structure

An equivalent-layer method for analyzing multiple-quantum-well (MQW) waveguides is presented. This method not only allows the whole waveguide to be treated as a three-layer waveguide but offers exact solutions for the propagation constant of MQW waveguides and the power confinement factor within the MQW structure as well. A comparison between this method and two other three-layer models is given

Transmission Loss of Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Gratins in Lossy Materials: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation

Narrow linewidth transmission filters in lossy materials based phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings have been investigated experimentally and analytically. A novel matrix technique has been developed in calculation of the transmission loss and linewidth. The elements of the matrix simply consist of the coefficients of the coupled mode equations. Simulation shows a small fiber loss could result in a significant transmission loss, which has not been explained properly yet to our knowledge. For phase-shifted gratings in erbium-doped fibers, the absorption could result in over 20 dB loss at transmission wavelengths. Such an approach can also be used to analyze cladding modes, radiation mode, and complex structure gratings

Simultaneous Measurement for Strain and Temperature Using Fiber Bragg Gratings and Multimode Fibers

An all-fiber sensor capable of simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain is newly presented. The sensing head is formed by a fiber Bragg grating combined with a section of multimode fiber that acts as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer for temperature and strain discrimination. The strain and temperature coefficients of multimode fibers vary with the core sizes and materials. This feature can be used to improve the strain and temperature resolution by suitably choosing the multimode fiber. For a 10 pm wavelength resolution, a resolution of 9.21 μ∈ in strain and 0.26°C in temperature can be achieved

Design Optimization of Flattop Interleaver and Its Dispersion Compensation

The objective of this paper is to present a general strategy for design optimization of flattop interleavers, and dispersion compensation for the interleavers, in order to achieve superior optical performance. The interleaver is formed by two multi-cavity Gire-Tournois etalons (MC-GTE) in a Michelson Interferometer (MI). An interleaver that has m cavities in one etalon and n cavities in the other is called an mn-GTE interleaver. Our optimization strategy exploits the general flattop condition and the technique of ripple equalization. Any mn-GTE interleaver may be optimized. The spectral performance can be greatly improved by the optimization process. As an illustration, we present a comprehensive analysis for a 11-GTE and a 21-GTE interleaver. The analytical expressions for flattop conditions, peak and trough positions are derived for optimization. The optimal performance of the interleavers can be controlled by the reflection coefficients and the parameters m and n. To achieve low-dispersion mn-GTE flattop interleavers, we propose to use one additional MC-GTE as a dispersion compensator to compensate for the chromatic dispersion. The analytical expressions of group delays and chromatic dispersions for an MC-GTE interleaver are derived. The optimization strategy of dispersion-ripple equalization is explained. The results show that the dispersion performance can be tailored by changing the reflection coefficients of the MC-GTE, and the dispersion and bandwidth can be enhanced by increasing the number of cavities of the MC-GTE

Core-Offset Small-Core-Diameter Dispersion Compensation Fiber Interferometer and its Applications in Fiber Sensors

We propose a core-offset small core diameter dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) interferometer and investigate its applications in fiber sensors. If the transverse force is applied to a short section of the DCF, there is almost no crosstalk on the transmission spectrum between the extinction ratio variation induced by the transverse force and the wavelength shift caused by the longitudinal strain or ambient temperature, which can be applied to measure both transverse and longitudinal strain, or both transverse strain and temperature, simultaneously. The proposed sensors have the advantages of low cost, simple and compact structure, and good reproducibility

Temperature- and Phase-Independent Lateral Force Sensor based on a Core-Offset Multi-Mode Fiber Interferometer

A novel lateral force sensor based on a core-offset multi-mode fiber (MMF) interferometer is reported. High extinction ratio can be obtained by misaligning a fused cross section between the single-mode fiber (SMF) and MMF. With the variation of the lateral force applied to a short section of the MMF, the extinction ratio changes while the interference phase remains almost constant. The change of the extinction ratio is independent of temperature variations. The proposed force sensor has the advantages of temperature- and phase-independency, high extinction ratio sensitivity, good repeatability, low cost, and simple structure. Moreover, the core-offset MMF interferometer is expected to have applications in fiber filters and tunable phase-independent attenuators

Experimental study on a new type floating breakwater

In the article, a new type floating breakwater is proposed based on comparing the performance of different kinds of floating breakwater that include pontoon type breakwater, scrap tire breakwater, mat float type breakwater etc. The outstanding feature of the new type breakwater is that damping at bottom of breakwater can increase wave energy dissipation and decrease coefficient of wave transmission and reflection. The relative width and relative submergence depth (the ratio of width to wave length W/L and submergence depth to wave length D/L) on the performance of the breakwater are discussed based on a series of physical model test in flume. The relationship between critical transmission coefficient (Ct=0.5) and relative width is given by experiment. In the actual design and application process, the various parameters are not independent, so the relationship between transmission coefficient and different parameters is analyzed in this paper

The Pobei Cu-Ni and Fe ore deposits in NW China are comagmatic evolution products: evidence from ore microscopy, zircon U-Pb chronology and geochemistry

The Pobei mafic-ultramafic complex in northwestern China comprises magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide ore deposits coexisting with Fe-Ti oxide deposits. The Poshi, Poyi, and Podong ultramafic intrusions host the Cu-Ni ore. The ultramafic intrusions experienced four stages during its formation. The intrusion sequence was as follows: dunite, hornblende-peridotite, wehrlite and pyroxenite. The wall rock of the ultramafic intrusions is the gabbro intrusion in the southwestern of the Pobei complex. The Xiaochangshan magmatic deposit outcrops in the magnetitemineralized gabbro in the northeastern part of the Pobei complex. The main emplacement events related to the mineralization in the Pobei complex, are the magnetite-mineralized gabbro related to the Xiaochangshan Fe deposit, the gabbro intrusion associated to the Poyi, Poshi and Podong Cu-Ni deposits, and the ultramafic intrusions that host Cu-Ni deposits (Poyi and Poshi). The U-Pb age of the magnetite-mineralized gabbro is 276±1.7Ma, which is similar to that of the Pobei mafic intrusions. The εHf(t) value of zircon in the magnetite-mineralized gabbro is almost the same as that of the gabbro around the Poyi and Poshi Cu-Ni deposits, indicating that the rocks related to Cu-Ni and magnetite deposits probably originated from the same parental magma. There is a trend of crystallization differentiation evolution in the Harker diagram from the dunite in the Cu-Ni deposit to the magnetite-mineralized gabbro. The monosulfide solid solution fractional crystallization was weak in Pobei; thus, the Pd/Ir values were only influenced by the crystallization of silicate minerals. The more complete the magma evolution is, the greater is the Pd/Ir ratio. The Pd/Ir values of dunite, the lithofacies containing sulfide (including hornblende peridotite, wehrlite, and pyroxenite) in the Poyi Cu-Ni deposit, magnetite-mineralized gabbro, and massive magnetite, are 8.55, 12.18, 12.26, and 18.14, respectively. Thus, the massive magnetite was probably the latest product in the evolution of the Pobei mafic-ultramafic intrusions. We infer that the Cu-Ni sulfide and Fe-Ti oxide ores in the Pobei area were products of a cogenetic magma at different evolutionary stages; at the late stage, the magma became iron enriched through crystallization differentiation. The magma differentiation occurred in a deep staging magma chamber emplaced in the upper magma chamber. Earlier crystallized olivine with some interstitial sulfides gathered at the bottom of the staging magma chamber because of its greater density. That is to say, the ultramafic magma hosting the Cu-Ni sulfide formed at the bottom of the staging magma chamber, while the magnetite-mineralized gabbro was in the upper part. However, the magnetite-mineralized gabbro injected into the upper magma chamber first and the ultramafic lithofacies containing the olivine and the interstitial Cu-Ni sulfides were subsequently emplaced in the upper magma chamber as crystal mush