Imagens Magnéticas para Aplicações Biomédicas: estado da arte

Na atualidade, o estudo da energia eletromagnética aplicada à medicina e biologia é um dos tópicos de pesquisas mais atraentes e de interesse crescente na comunidade científica internacional, e particularmente no Brasil. Vários esforços têm sido realizados para criar técnicas diagnósticas apoiadas na obtenção de imagens magnéticas e elétricas para ajudar de forma coadjuvante, e/ou substituir em alguns casos, as metodologias médicas de diagnóstico por imagens tradicionais. Neste trabalho mostramos o estado da arte, do ponto de vista experimental, destacando as mudanças nas dimensões dos sensores e no sistema de condicionamento analógico dos sinais medidos, para o registro de sinais de origem biológica. A imagem magnética medida sempre será degradada e ruidosa, devido tanto ao princípio físico (Lei Biot-Savart) envolvido na formação da imagem quanto ao próprio processo de medição da imagem. Os fundamentos básicos da formação das imagens magnéticas, bem como a solução do problema magnético direto e inverso, são mostrados. Apresentamos uma discussão do ponto de vista físico-matemático sobre o problema magnético inverso mal-condicionado e como ele influi na reconstrução das imagens das fontes magnéticas no interior de um objeto qualquer. Por fim, mencionamos de forma breve o método de filtragem espacial de Fourier como uma das possíveis técnicas na solução do problema magnético inverso

Alternative Eco-Friendly Methods in the Control of Post-Harvest Decay of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits

The effectiveness on several fruits by the application of alternative methods against fungi is summarized in the present chapter. Several investigations have reported the efficacy of these technologies for controlling fungal infections. Currently, high post-harvest loses have been reported due to several factors such as inefficient management, lack of training for farmers, and problems with appropriate conditions for storage of fruits and vegetables. Even now, in many countries, post-harvest disease control is led by the application of chemical fungicides. However, in this time, awareness about fungi resistance, environmental, and health issues has led to the research of eco-friendly and effective alternatives for disease management. The pathogen establishment on fruits can be affected by the application of GRAS compounds like chitosan, essential oils, salts, among others; besides, their efficacy can be enhanced by their combination with other technologies like ultrasound. Thus, the applications of these alternatives are suitable approaches for post-harvest management of fruits

Effect of Ultrasonic-Assisted Blanching on Size Variation, Heat Transfer, and Quality Parameters of Mushrooms

The main aim of this work was to assess the influence of the application of power ultrasound during blanching of mushrooms (60 90 °C) on the shrinkage, heat transfer, and quality parameters. Kinetics of mushroom shrinkage was modeled and coupled to a heat transfer model for conventional (CB) and ultrasonic-assisted blanching (UB). Cooking value and the integrated residual enzymatic activity were obtained through predicted temperatures and related to the hardness and color variations of mushrooms, respectively. The application of ultrasound led to an increase of shrinkage and heat transfer rates, being this increase more intense at low process temperatures. Consequently, processing time was decreased (30.7 46.0 %) and a reduction in hardness (25.2 40.8 %) and lightness (13.8 16.8 %) losses were obtained. The best retention of hardness was obtained by the UB at 60 °C, while to maintain the lightness it was the CB and UB at 90 °C. For enhancing both quality parameters simultaneously, a combined treatment (CT), which consisted of a CB 0.5 min at 90 °C and then an UB 19.9min at 60 °C, was designed. In this manner, compared with the conventional treatment at 60 °C, reductions of 39.1, 27.2, and 65.5 % for the process time, hardness and lightness losses were achieved, respectively. These results suggest that the CT could be considered as an interesting alternative to CB in order to reduce the processing time and improve the overall quality of blanched mushrooms.The authors acknowledge the financial support of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas and Universidad Nacional de La Plata from Argentina, Erasmus Mundus Action 2-Strand 1 and EuroTango II Researcher Training Program and Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (SPAIN) and the FEDER (project DPI2012-37466-CO3-03).Lespinard, A.; Bon Corbín, J.; Cárcel Carrión, JA.; Benedito Fort, JJ.; Mascheroni, RH. (2015). Effect of Ultrasonic-Assisted Blanching on Size Variation, Heat Transfer, and Quality Parameters of Mushrooms. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 8(1):41-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-014-1373-zS415381Aguirre, L., Frias, J. M., Barry-Ryan, C., & Grogan, H. (2009). Modelling browning and brown spotting of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) stored in controlled environmental conditions using image analysis. Journal of Food Engineering, 91, 280–286.Anantheswaran, R. C., Sastry, S. K., Beelman, R. B., Okereke, A., & Konanayakam, M. (1986). Effect of processing on yield, color, and texture of canned mushrooms. Journal of Food Science, 51(5), 1197–1200.Biekman, E. S. A., Kroese-Hoedeman, H. I., & Schijvens, E. P. H. M. (1996). Loss of solutes during blanching of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) as a result of shrinkage and extraction. Journal of Food Engineering, 28(2), 139–152.Biekman, E. S. A., van Remmen, H. H. J., Kroese-Hoedeman, H. I., Ogink, J. J. M., & Schijvens, E. P. H. M. (1997). 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Peroxidase stability and reactivation after heat treatment and manothermosonication. Journal of Food Science, 60(3), 551–553.López, P., Sala, F. J., Fuente, J. L., Cardon, S., Raso, J., & Burgos, J. (1994). Inactivation of peroxidase lipoxigenase and phenol oxidase by manothermosonication. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 42(2), 253–256.Mansfield, T. (1962). High temperature-short time sterilization. Proceedings First International Congress on Food Science and Technology, 4, 311–316.Mason T. J. (1998). Power ultrasound in food processing—the way forward. In M. J. W. Povey & T. J. Mason (Eds.), Ultrasound in Food Processing (pp 103–126). Blackie Academic & Professional, London.McArdle F. J. & Curwen D. (1962). Some factors influencing shrinkage of canned mushrooms. Mushroom Science, 5, 547–557.McArdle, F. J., Kuhn, G. D., & Beelman, R. B. (1974). Influence of vacuum soaking on yield and quality of canned mushrooms. Journal of Food Science, 39, 1026–1028.Mohapatra, D., Bira, Z. M., Kerry, J. P., Frías, J. M., & Rodrigues, F. A. (2010). Postharvest hardness and color evolution of White button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Journal of Food Science, 75(3), 146–152.Ohlsson, T. (1980). Temperature dependence of sensory quality changes during thermal processing. Journal of Food Science, 45(4), 836–847.Ortuño, C., Martínez-Pastor, M., Mulet, A., & Benedito, J. (2013). Application of high power ultrasound in the supercritical carbon dioxide inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Food Research International, 51, 474–481.Peralta-Jimenez, L., & Cañizares-Macías, M. P. (2012). Ultrasound-assisted method for extraction of theobromine and caffeine from cacao seeds and chocolate products. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6, 3522–3529.Rodríguez-López, J. N., Fenoll, N. G., Tudela, J., Devece, C., Sánchez-Hernández, D., De los Reyes, D., et al. (1999). Thermal inactivation of mushroom polyphenoloxidase employing 2450 MHz microwave radiation. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 47, 3028–3035.Sala, F., Burgos, J., Condon, S., Lopez, P., & Raso, J. (1995). Effect of heat and ultrasound on microorganisms and enzymes. In G. W. Gould (Ed.), New methods of food preservation (1st ed., pp. 176–204). Glasgow: Blackie Academic and professional.Sanjuán, N., Hernando, I., Lluch, M. A., & Mullet, A. (2005). Effects of low temperature blanching on texture, microstructure and rehydration capacity of carrots. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 85, 2071–2076.Santos, M. V., & Lespinard, A. R. (2011). Numerical simulation of mushrooms during freezing using the FEM and an enthalpy—Kirchhoff formulation. Heat and Mass Transfer, 47, 1671–1683.Sastry, S. K., Beelman, R. B., & Speroni, J. J. (1985). A three-dimensional finite element model for thermally induced changes in foods: application to degradation of agaritine in canned mushrooms. 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La atención médica al final de la vida Valor prognóstico da elevação do segmento ST em aVR na síndrome coronária aguda sem elevação do segmento ST.

Introducción La elevación del segmento ST en la derivación aVR del electrocardiograma de 12 derivaciones brinda adecuada información pronóstica enpacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST. Objetivo: Evaluar la contribución de laelevación del segmento ST en la derivación aVR en pacientes con SCASEST en el pronóstico de muerte al año del primer episodio.Método Estudio retrospectivo en pacientes ingresadosen el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras condiagnóstico de Síndrome Coronario Agudo sin elevación del segmento st en el período de Mayo de 2011 a Agosto de 2013. Resultados Predominó el grupo etario de 65 años y más(41.8 % y 40.0 %), el sexo masculino(67.3 % y 64.5 %) y la presencia de dos o más comorbilidades en ambos grupos de estudio(78.2 % y 67.3 %). La angina inestable, fue el diagnóstico más frecuente (63.6% y 66.3%) y la clase Killip-Kimball I(61.8% y 80.9% respectivamente) en los dos grupos. Estadios ulteriores de dicha clase estuvieron asociados al grupo que presentó elevación del segmento ST en aVR, (12.7% vs 4.5%[p=0.03]; 5.5% vs 0.9% [p=0.03]) también predominó en este grupo la enfermedad coronaria multivasos (76.8 % [p=0.02]. Muerte al año  en el grupo con elevación delsegmento ST en aVR (25.5% p=0.003 OR 2.54 IC 95% 1.33-4.85). Conclusión: La elevación del segmento ST en aVR es un importante predictor electrocardiográfico de muerte durante el 1 año. Útil para mejorar la estratificación inicial de riesgo y el manejo de estos pacientes.Introduction ST-segment elevation in lead aVR 12-lead ECG provides prognostic information suitable enpacientes with acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation.To evaluate the contribution of laelevación ST segment in aVR in patients with NSTEACS in the prognosis of death within a year of the first episode.Method A retrospective study in patients ingresadosen Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital condiagnóstico of acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation in the period May 2011 to August 2013.Results prevailed the age group 65 and over (41.8% and 40.0%), males (67.3% and 64.5%) and the presence of two or more comorbidities in both groups (78.2% and 67.3%). Unstable angina was the most frequent diagnosis (63.6% and 66.3%) and the Killip-Kimball class I (61.8% and 80.9% respectively) in both groups. Later stages of that class were associated with the group presenting ST-segment elevation in aVR (12.7% vs 4.5% [p = 0.03]; 5.5% vs 0.9% [p = 0.03]) also predominated in this group multivessel coronary disease (76.8% [p = 0.02]. Death per year in the group with ST elevation in aVR delsegmento (25.5% p = 0.003 OR 2.54 95% CI 1.33-4.85).Conclusion: ST elevation in ECG aVR is an important predictor of death within 1 year. Useful for improving initial risk stratification and management of these patients.__________________________________________________________________Présentation élévation du segment ST dans les dérivations aVR ECG à 12 dérivations fournit une information pronostique enpacientes appropriés avec un syndrome coronarien aigu sans élévation du segment ST.Pour évaluer la contribution des laelevación du segment ST dans aVR chez les patients avec NSTEACS dans le pronostic de décès dans une année du premier épisode.Méthode Une étude rétrospective chez des patients ingresadosen condiagnóstico hôpital Hermanos Ameijeiras du syndrome coronarien aigu sans élévation du segment ST dans la période de mai 2011 à Août 2013.Résultats prévalu le groupe d'âge 65 ans et plus (41,8% et 40,0%), les hommes (67,3% et 64,5%) et la présence de deux ou plusieurs comorbidités dans les deux groupes (78,2% et 67,3%). Angine de poitrine instable est le diagnostic le plus fréquent (63,6% et 66,3%) et la classe Killip-Kimball I (61,8% et 80,9% respectivement) dans les deux groupes. Les étapes ultérieures de cette catégorie ont été associés avec le groupe présentant élévation du segment ST à l'AVR (12,7% vs 4,5% [p = 0,03]; 5,5% vs 0,9% [p = 0,03]) a également prédominé dans cette maladie coronarienne pluritronculaire de groupe (76,8% [p = 0,02]. La mort par an dans le groupe avec élévation du segment ST dans aVR delsegmento (25,5% p = 0,003 OU 2,54% CI 1,33 à 4,85 95).Conclusion: élévation du segment ST à l'ECG AVR est un prédicteur important de décès au cours de 1 an. Utile pour l'amélioration de la stratification du risque initiale et la gestion de ces patients.Introdução: elevação do segmento ST em aVR 12 derivações ECG fornece informação prognóstica adequada em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda sem elevação do segmento ST.Para avaliar a contribuição da elevação do segmento ST em aVR em pacientes com NSTEACS no prognóstico de morte dentro de um ano do primeiro episódio.Método: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes internados no Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras com diagnóstico de síndrome coronariana aguda sem elevação do segmento ST no período de maio de 2011 a agosto 2013.Resultados: predominante a faixa etária acima de 65 anos (41,8% e 40,0%), do sexo masculino (67,3% e 64,5%) ea presença de duas ou mais comorbidades em ambos os grupos (78,2% e 67,3%). A angina instável foi o diagnóstico mais frequente (63,6% e 66,3%) e da classe Killip-Kimball I (61,8% e 80,9%, respectivamente) em ambos os grupos. Estágios mais avançados da classe que foram associados com o grupo com elevação do segmento ST em aVR (12,7% vs 4,5% [p = 0,03]; 5,5% vs 0,9% [p = 0,03]), também predominaram neste multivessel doença coronariana grupo (76,8% [p = 0,02] Morte por ano no grupo com elevação do segmento ST em aVR (25,5% p = 0,003 OR 2,54 IC 95% 1,33-4,85). Conclusão :. A elevação do segmento ST em aVR é um importante preditor eletrocardiográfico de morte durante um ano útil para melhorar a estratificação de risco inicial e manejo desses pacientes. Palavras-chave :. aVR, elevação do segmento ST, síndrome coronariana aguda sem elevação do segmento ST

La atención médica al final de la vida Valor prognóstico da elevação do segmento ST em aVR na síndrome coronária aguda sem elevação do segmento ST.

Introducción La elevación del segmento ST en la derivación aVR del electrocardiograma de 12 derivaciones brinda adecuada información pronóstica enpacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST. Objetivo: Evaluar la contribución de laelevación del segmento ST en la derivación aVR en pacientes con SCASEST en el pronóstico de muerte al año del primer episodio.Método Estudio retrospectivo en pacientes ingresadosen el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras condiagnóstico de Síndrome Coronario Agudo sin elevación del segmento st en el período de Mayo de 2011 a Agosto de 2013. Resultados Predominó el grupo etario de 65 años y más(41.8 % y 40.0 %), el sexo masculino(67.3 % y 64.5 %) y la presencia de dos o más comorbilidades en ambos grupos de estudio(78.2 % y 67.3 %). La angina inestable, fue el diagnóstico más frecuente (63.6% y 66.3%) y la clase Killip-Kimball I(61.8% y 80.9% respectivamente) en los dos grupos. Estadios ulteriores de dicha clase estuvieron asociados al grupo que presentó elevación del segmento ST en aVR, (12.7% vs 4.5%[p=0.03]; 5.5% vs 0.9% [p=0.03]) también predominó en este grupo la enfermedad coronaria multivasos (76.8 % [p=0.02]. Muerte al año  en el grupo con elevación delsegmento ST en aVR (25.5% p=0.003 OR 2.54 IC 95% 1.33-4.85). Conclusión: La elevación del segmento ST en aVR es un importante predictor electrocardiográfico de muerte durante el 1 año. Útil para mejorar la estratificación inicial de riesgo y el manejo de estos pacientes.Introduction ST-segment elevation in lead aVR 12-lead ECG provides prognostic information suitable enpacientes with acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation.To evaluate the contribution of laelevación ST segment in aVR in patients with NSTEACS in the prognosis of death within a year of the first episode.Method A retrospective study in patients ingresadosen Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital condiagnóstico of acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation in the period May 2011 to August 2013.Results prevailed the age group 65 and over (41.8% and 40.0%), males (67.3% and 64.5%) and the presence of two or more comorbidities in both groups (78.2% and 67.3%). Unstable angina was the most frequent diagnosis (63.6% and 66.3%) and the Killip-Kimball class I (61.8% and 80.9% respectively) in both groups. Later stages of that class were associated with the group presenting ST-segment elevation in aVR (12.7% vs 4.5% [p = 0.03]; 5.5% vs 0.9% [p = 0.03]) also predominated in this group multivessel coronary disease (76.8% [p = 0.02]. Death per year in the group with ST elevation in aVR delsegmento (25.5% p = 0.003 OR 2.54 95% CI 1.33-4.85).Conclusion: ST elevation in ECG aVR is an important predictor of death within 1 year. Useful for improving initial risk stratification and management of these patients.__________________________________________________________________Présentation élévation du segment ST dans les dérivations aVR ECG à 12 dérivations fournit une information pronostique enpacientes appropriés avec un syndrome coronarien aigu sans élévation du segment ST.Pour évaluer la contribution des laelevación du segment ST dans aVR chez les patients avec NSTEACS dans le pronostic de décès dans une année du premier épisode.Méthode Une étude rétrospective chez des patients ingresadosen condiagnóstico hôpital Hermanos Ameijeiras du syndrome coronarien aigu sans élévation du segment ST dans la période de mai 2011 à Août 2013.Résultats prévalu le groupe d'âge 65 ans et plus (41,8% et 40,0%), les hommes (67,3% et 64,5%) et la présence de deux ou plusieurs comorbidités dans les deux groupes (78,2% et 67,3%). Angine de poitrine instable est le diagnostic le plus fréquent (63,6% et 66,3%) et la classe Killip-Kimball I (61,8% et 80,9% respectivement) dans les deux groupes. Les étapes ultérieures de cette catégorie ont été associés avec le groupe présentant élévation du segment ST à l'AVR (12,7% vs 4,5% [p = 0,03]; 5,5% vs 0,9% [p = 0,03]) a également prédominé dans cette maladie coronarienne pluritronculaire de groupe (76,8% [p = 0,02]. La mort par an dans le groupe avec élévation du segment ST dans aVR delsegmento (25,5% p = 0,003 OU 2,54% CI 1,33 à 4,85 95).Conclusion: élévation du segment ST à l'ECG AVR est un prédicteur important de décès au cours de 1 an. Utile pour l'amélioration de la stratification du risque initiale et la gestion de ces patients.Introdução: elevação do segmento ST em aVR 12 derivações ECG fornece informação prognóstica adequada em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda sem elevação do segmento ST.Para avaliar a contribuição da elevação do segmento ST em aVR em pacientes com NSTEACS no prognóstico de morte dentro de um ano do primeiro episódio.Método: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes internados no Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras com diagnóstico de síndrome coronariana aguda sem elevação do segmento ST no período de maio de 2011 a agosto 2013.Resultados: predominante a faixa etária acima de 65 anos (41,8% e 40,0%), do sexo masculino (67,3% e 64,5%) ea presença de duas ou mais comorbidades em ambos os grupos (78,2% e 67,3%). A angina instável foi o diagnóstico mais frequente (63,6% e 66,3%) e da classe Killip-Kimball I (61,8% e 80,9%, respectivamente) em ambos os grupos. Estágios mais avançados da classe que foram associados com o grupo com elevação do segmento ST em aVR (12,7% vs 4,5% [p = 0,03]; 5,5% vs 0,9% [p = 0,03]), também predominaram neste multivessel doença coronariana grupo (76,8% [p = 0,02] Morte por ano no grupo com elevação do segmento ST em aVR (25,5% p = 0,003 OR 2,54 IC 95% 1,33-4,85). Conclusão :. A elevação do segmento ST em aVR é um importante preditor eletrocardiográfico de morte durante um ano útil para melhorar a estratificação de risco inicial e manejo desses pacientes. Palavras-chave :. aVR, elevação do segmento ST, síndrome coronariana aguda sem elevação do segmento ST

Reproductive efficiency of Ovsynch + CIDR in Holstein cows under a fixed time artificial insemination scheme in northern Mexico

Se evaluó el uso de Ovsynch más dispositivo intravaginal de liberación controlada de progesterona (CIDR) en vacas altas productoras. El estudio se llevó en la Comarca Lagunera (25° 44´ N, 103° 10´ O a 1,111 msnm) durante diciembre y enero. Las vacas (n=100) se pre-sincronizaron con dos inyecciones de PGF2α a los 35 y 47 días posparto y asignadas a dos tratamientos (n= 50): 1) El grupo OV recibió el protocolo Ovsynch: 100 μg de GnRH (i.m.; día 1), 25 mg de PGF2α (i.m.; día 7) y 100 μg GnRH (i.m.; día 9); 2) El grupo (OV+C) recibió el protocolo Ovsynch más un CIDR (1.38 g), retirado siete días después. Todas las vacas se expusieron a un protocolo de inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo (IATF; 16 a 20 h posteriores a la última inyección). Se registró tanto el porcentaje de preñez, el número de vacas repitiendo celo considerando dos periodos (≤24 y ≥25 días post-inseminación), así como los días de retorno al celo. Mientras que no existió diferencia entre grupos para tasa de preñez (OV= 28 %, OV+C= 32 %; P>0.05), el porcentaje de vacas que manifestaron celo después de la IATF difirió (P0.05), the percentage of cows showing estrus after IATF differed (P<0.05) between treatments for the two studied periods (28 % vs 62 % ≤24 d; 69 % vs 35 % ≥25 d; OV and OV+C, respectively). Moreover, mean of days when cows repeated estrus was lower (P<0.05) in the OV+C group (25 ± 1.6 vs 30 ± 1.3 d). Although the Ovsynch+CIDR treatment did not improve pregnancy rate, it reduced the latency for return to estrus, emerging as an alternative to diminish the days to the next AI, and potentially improve the reproductive efficiency and the economic return of the dairy herd

Hispano-Americans in Europe: what do we know about their health status and determinants? A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Policy makers and health practitioners are in need of guidance to respond to the growing geographic mobility of Hispano-American migrants in Europe. Drawing from contributions from epidemiology, social sciences, demography, psychology, psychiatry and economy, this scoping review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive synthesis of studies addressing the health status and determinants of this population. We describe major research gaps and suggest specific avenues of further inquiry. METHODS: We identified systematically papers that addressed the concepts "health" and "Hispano Americans" indexed in five data bases from Jan 1990 to May 2014 with no language restrictions. We screened the 4,464 citations retrieved against exclusion criteria and classified 193 selected references in 12 thematic folders with the aid of the reference management software ENDNOTE X6. After reviewing the full text of all papers we extracted relevant data systematically into a table template to facilitate the synthesising process. RESULTS: Most studies focused on a particular disease, leaving unexplored the interlinkages between different health conditions and how these relate to legislative, health services, environmental, occupational, and other health determinants. We elucidated some consistent results but there were many heterogeneous findings and several popular beliefs were not fully supported by empirical evidence. Few studies adopted a trans-national perspective and many consisted of cross-sectional descriptions that considered "Hispano-Americans" as a homogeneous category, limiting our analysis. Our results are also constrained by the availability and varying quality of studies reviewed./nCONCLUSIONS:/nBurgeoning research has produced some consistent findings but there are huge gaps in knowledge. To prevent unhelpful generalisations we need a more holistic and nuanced understanding of how mobility, ethnicity, income, gender, legislative status, employment status, working conditions, neighbourhood characteristics and social status intersect with demographic variables and policy contexts to influence the health of the diverse Hispano-American populations present in Europe