21 research outputs found

    Biomonitoring environnemental et sanitaire des sols pollués par les éléments traces métalliques

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    Dans un contexte oĂč les prĂ©occupations environnement-santĂ© sont croissantes Ă  l’échelle globale. AmĂ©liorer la comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes de biodisponibilitĂ© et d’(Ă©co)toxicitĂ© des polluants mĂ©talliques persistants est un enjeu prioritaire, notamment en raison de leur omniprĂ©sence observĂ©e dans les Ă©cosystĂšmes en relation avec leur compartimentation et spĂ©ciation . Le ver de terre est utilisĂ© pour Ă©valuer la qualitĂ© des sols ; de plus cet organisme du sol de par ses activitĂ©s de bioturbation a une influence sur les cycles biogĂ©ochimiques. Des tests d’écotoxicitĂ© en conditions contrĂŽlĂ©es sur vers de terre ont donc Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s avec diffĂ©rents sols et espĂšces de vers. Puis une Ă©tude d’impact sur les communautĂ©s de vers a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e sur un site polluĂ© prĂ©sentant un gradient de concentration. L’influence de la bioturbation du ver sur la phytodisponibilitĂ© des polluants a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e grĂące Ă  des expĂ©riences en mĂ©socosmes. Finalement, des mesures de bioaccessibilitĂ© des polluants ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es in vitro sur des sols et vĂ©gĂ©taux polluĂ©s dans diffĂ©rents contextes : friches industrielles, jardins potagers, terrain de sport. L’objectif Ă©tant d’étudier le lien entre biodisponibilitĂ© pour l’homme, caractĂ©ristiques des sols et contexte de pollution. Deux approches complĂ©mentaires ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es : recherche scientifique liĂ©s aux mĂ©canismes et dĂ©veloppement d’outils, de procĂ©dures pratiques utilisables par les gestionnaires et Ă©valuateurs de risques. L’écotoxicitĂ© des mĂ©taux et mĂ©talloĂŻdes (notĂ©s ETM) sur les vers de terre n’est pas simplement rĂ©gie par leurs concentrations totales, mais dĂ©pend fortement des caractĂ©ristiques physico-chimiques des sols. Par ailleurs, l’analyse des communautĂ©s de ver de terre prĂ©sentes sur un site contaminĂ© permet d’évaluer la qualitĂ© des sols puisqu’on constate un impact sur les l’abondance, la diversitĂ© et le taux de juvĂ©nile des vers. De plus, la bioturbation du ver de terre augmente significativement la biodisponibilitĂ© des ETM pour les plantes potagĂšres telles que la laitue. Finalement, la bioaccessibilitĂ© humaine des ETM est rĂ©gi par de nombreux facteurs liĂ©s en particulier au contexte de pollution. Cette fraction bioaccessible des ETM est directement responsable de leur cytotoxicitĂ© sur les cellules intestinales. Ces diffĂ©rents rĂ©sultats ont Ă©tĂ© complĂ©tĂ©s par des Ă©tudes mĂ©canistiques (IR, EXAFS, XANES, ”-XRF)

    Biomonitoring environnemental et sanitaire des sols pollués par les éléments traces métalliques

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    Dans un contexte oĂč les prĂ©occupations environnement-santĂ© sont croissantes Ă  l’échelle globale. AmĂ©liorer la comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes de biodisponibilitĂ© et d’(Ă©co)toxicitĂ© des polluants mĂ©talliques persistants est un enjeu prioritaire, notamment en raison de leur omniprĂ©sence observĂ©e dans les Ă©cosystĂšmes en relation avec leur compartimentation et spĂ©ciation . Le ver de terre est utilisĂ© pour Ă©valuer la qualitĂ© des sols ; de plus cet organisme du sol de par ses activitĂ©s de bioturbation a une influence sur les cycles biogĂ©ochimiques. Des tests d’écotoxicitĂ© en conditions contrĂŽlĂ©es sur vers de terre ont donc Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s avec diffĂ©rents sols et espĂšces de vers. Puis une Ă©tude d’impact sur les communautĂ©s de vers a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e sur un site polluĂ© prĂ©sentant un gradient de concentration. L’influence de la bioturbation du ver sur la phytodisponibilitĂ© des polluants a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e grĂące Ă  des expĂ©riences en mĂ©socosmes. Finalement, des mesures de bioaccessibilitĂ© des polluants ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es in vitro sur des sols et vĂ©gĂ©taux polluĂ©s dans diffĂ©rents contextes : friches industrielles, jardins potagers, terrain de sport. L’objectif Ă©tant d’étudier le lien entre biodisponibilitĂ© pour l’homme, caractĂ©ristiques des sols et contexte de pollution. Deux approches complĂ©mentaires ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es : recherche scientifique liĂ©s aux mĂ©canismes et dĂ©veloppement d’outils, de procĂ©dures pratiques utilisables par les gestionnaires et Ă©valuateurs de risques. L’écotoxicitĂ© des mĂ©taux et mĂ©talloĂŻdes (notĂ©s ETM) sur les vers de terre n’est pas simplement rĂ©gie par leurs concentrations totales, mais dĂ©pend fortement des caractĂ©ristiques physico-chimiques des sols. Par ailleurs, l’analyse des communautĂ©s de ver de terre prĂ©sentes sur un site contaminĂ© permet d’évaluer la qualitĂ© des sols puisqu’on constate un impact sur les l’abondance, la diversitĂ© et le taux de juvĂ©nile des vers. De plus, la bioturbation du ver de terre augmente significativement la biodisponibilitĂ© des ETM pour les plantes potagĂšres telles que la laitue. Finalement, la bioaccessibilitĂ© humaine des ETM est rĂ©gi par de nombreux facteurs liĂ©s en particulier au contexte de pollution. Cette fraction bioaccessible des ETM est directement responsable de leur cytotoxicitĂ© sur les cellules intestinales. Ces diffĂ©rents rĂ©sultats ont Ă©tĂ© complĂ©tĂ©s par des Ă©tudes mĂ©canistiques (IR, EXAFS, XANES, ”-XRF). ABSTRACT : In a context where environmental health concerns are globally increasing. Improve understanding of the mechanisms and bioavailability (eco) toxicity of persistent metals pollutants is a priority, especially because of their observed omnipresence in ecosystems in relation to their compartmentation and speciation. The earthworm is used to assess soil quality; moreover this soil organism through its bioturbation activities affects biogeochemical cycles. Ecotoxicity tests under controlled circumstances on earthworms have been conducted with different soils and worms’ species. Then an impact study on earthworms’ communities was conducted on a polluted site showing a concentration gradient. The influence of earthworms’ bioturbation on phytoavailability of pollutants was studied through experiments in mesocosms and Rhizotest. Finally, in vitro measures of pollutants bioavailability were performed on polluted soils and plants in different contexts: brownfields, gardens, sports field. The objective is to study the link between bioavailability for humans, soil characteristics, context of pollution and toxicity. Two complementary approaches have been developed: scientific research related to the mechanisms and development of tools, practical procedures which could be used by managers and risk assessors. Ecotoxicity of metals and metalloid (denoted ETM) on earthworms is not simply governed by their total concentrations, but strongly depends on the physico-chemical characteristics of soils. Furthermore, analysis of earthworm communities from a contaminated site can evaluate the quality of soil since seen an impact on the abundance, diversity and rate of juvenile worms. In addition, earthworms’ bioturbation significantly increases the bioavailability of ETM for vegetable plants such as lettuce. Finally, the human bioaccessibility of ETM is governed by many factors, in particular the context of pollution. The bioaccessible fraction of ETM is directly responsible for their cytotoxicity on intestinal cells. These results were complemented by mechanistic studies (IR, EXAFS, XANES, ÎŒ-XRF)

    DECA: A new model for assessing the foliar uptake of atmospheric lead by vegetation, using Lactuca sativa as an example

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    In the context of peri-urban atmospheric pollution by industrial lead recycling emissions, metal can transfer to plant shoots. Home gardeners consuming their produce can therefore be exposed to metal pollution. The Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol (HHRAP) model from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) classically used in risk assessment provides foliar metal uptake predictions for large farms but is not adapted to cultures in kitchen gardens. Thus, this study developed a new model, entitled “DECA”, which includes individually measured parameters and the washing of vegetables before human consumption. Results given by DECA and HHRAP models were compared with experimental measurements of lettuce. The data calculated by the DECA model were highly correlated with the measured values; the HHRAP model overestimates foliar lead uptake. Moreover, strong influences of factor of washing and time-dependent variations of loss coefficient were highlighted. Finally, the DECA model provided important risk assessment data regarding consumption of vegetables from kitchen gardens

    Ecotoxicity tests and ecoscores to improve soil management : case of a secondary lead smelter plant

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    International audienceriginally located on the outskirts of cities, numerous industrial sites, sometimes abandoned, are now in urban areas and are therefore likely to have environmental and health risks to surrounding populations. Currently, rehabilitation of the sites frequently entails excavation of polluted soils. Excavated soils can thus follow two different ways: landfilling, expensive and energy intensive, or reuse/recycling, integrated to sustainable development. The choice of a specific track mainly depends on total and leachable concentrations of the pollutant in the soil. Among the numerous pollutants observed in urban and peri-urban areas, trace metals are often present in soils; atmosphere emissions by smelters being one of the main anthropogenic source. MTE speciation and compartmentalization in soils can modify their impact on living organisms

    Ecotoxicity tests and ecoscores to improve soil management : case of a secondary lead smelter plant

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    International audienceriginally located on the outskirts of cities, numerous industrial sites, sometimes abandoned, are now in urban areas and are therefore likely to have environmental and health risks to surrounding populations. Currently, rehabilitation of the sites frequently entails excavation of polluted soils. Excavated soils can thus follow two different ways: landfilling, expensive and energy intensive, or reuse/recycling, integrated to sustainable development. The choice of a specific track mainly depends on total and leachable concentrations of the pollutant in the soil. Among the numerous pollutants observed in urban and peri-urban areas, trace metals are often present in soils; atmosphere emissions by smelters being one of the main anthropogenic source. MTE speciation and compartmentalization in soils can modify their impact on living organisms

    Use of ecotoxicity test and ecoscores to improve the management of polluted soils: case of a secondary lead smelter plant

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    International audienceWith the rise of sustainable development, rehabilitation of brownfield sites located in urban areas has become a major concern. Management of contaminated soils in relation with environmental and sanitary risk concerns is therefore a strong aim needing the development of both useful tools for risk assessment and sustainable remediation techniques. For soils polluted by metals and metalloids (MTE), the criteria for landfilling are currently not based on ecotoxicological tests but on total MTE concentrations and leaching tests. In this study, the ecotoxicity of leachates from MTE polluted soils sampled from an industrial site recycling lead-acid batteries were evaluated by using both modified Escherichia coli strains with luminescence modulated by metals and normalized Daphnia magna and Alivibrio fischeri bioassays. The results were clearly related to the type of microorganisms (crustacean, different strains of bacteria) whose sensitivity varied. Ecotoxicity was also different according to sample location on the site, total concentrations and physico-chemical properties of each soil. For comparison, standard leaching tests were also performed. Potentially phytoavailable fraction of MTE in soils and physico-chemical measures were finally performed in order to highlight the mechanisms. The results demonstrated that the use of a panel of microorganisms is suitable for hazard classification of polluted soils. In addition, calculated eco-scores permit to rank the polluted soils according to their potentially of dangerousness. Influence of soil and MTE characteristics on MTE mobility and ecotoxicity was also highlighted

    Interface maritime et interface mĂ©tropolitaine : vers la modĂ©lisation de l’axe Seine par les rĂ©seaux

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    International audienceThis work is in two parts. The first one describes the Seine axis territory : how do flows of goods start ? How do actors of different natures organize themselves and communicate between them ? What are the logistics buildings and their functions ? What are the paths of these flows of goods ? The answers to these questions allow us to establish a knowledge base which help us to model, in the second part, the environment seen as a complex system. We use the graph theory in order to represent the physical network of the territory and the agent-based model to describe the actors' network. This concept allows a communication between these two representations in order to add retro-actions mechanisms.Ce travail s'articule en deux parties. La premiĂšre dĂ©crit le territoire de l'axe Seine : comment les flux de marchandises sont initiĂ©s ? Comment des acteurs de natures hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes s'organisent ensemble et communiquent entre eux ? Quels sont les bĂątiments logistiques et leurs fonctions ? Par oĂč transitent ces flux de marchandises ? Les rĂ©ponses Ă  ces questions nous permettent ainsi de constituer une base de connaissances sur laquelle nous nous appuyons pour modĂ©liser, dans la deuxiĂšme partie, cet environnement que nous percevons comme un systĂšme complexe. Nous nous servons de la thĂ©orie des graphes pour reprĂ©senter les rĂ©seaux physiques du territoire et du modĂšle agent pour dĂ©crire le rĂ©seau d'acteurs. Cette conception autorise une communication entre ces deux reprĂ©sentations afin d'intĂ©grer des mĂ©canismes de rĂ©tro-action

    Nouvelles acquisitions sur le site de <i>Coh-Castel</i> à Belle-Île-en-Mer (Morbihan)

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    International audienceAs part of a CRP on the diachronic occupations of Belle-Ile-en-Mer, a program run in 2018 was focused on the study of Coh-Castel by adopting aninterdisciplinary approach, crossing different non-intrusive methods (geophysics, remote sensing and photogrammetry). The data obtained at theend of this operation make it possible to propose a renewed reading of this fortified island site whose vestiges seem particularly well-preservedand numerous; from a methodological point of view, this operation also shows the complementarity of the techniques employed.Dans le cadre d’un PCR sur les occupations diachroniques de Belle-Île-en-Mer, un programme conduit en 2018 a permis d’étudier le site deCoh-Castel en adoptant une dĂ©marche interdisciplinaire, croisant diffĂ©rentes approches non-intrusives (gĂ©ophysique, tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection et photogrammĂ©trie). Les donnĂ©es obtenues Ă  l’issue de cette opĂ©ration permettent de proposer une lecture renouvelĂ©e de ce site fortifiĂ© insulaire dontles vestiges semblent particuliĂšrement bien conservĂ©s et nombreux ; du point de vue mĂ©thodologique, cette opĂ©ration a Ă©galement permis dedĂ©montrer la complĂ©mentaritĂ© des techniques employĂ©es
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