443 research outputs found
Taxonomic Features and Comparison of the Gut Microbiome from Two Edible Fungus-Farming Termites (Macrotermes falciger, M. natalensis) Harvested in the Vhembe District of Limpopo, South Africa
Background Termites are an important food resource for many human populations around the world, and are a good supply of nutrients. The fungus-farming βhigherβ termite members of Macrotermitinae are also consumed by modern great apes and are implicated as critical dietary resources for early hominins. While the chemical nutritional composition of edible termites is well known, their microbiomes are unexplored in the context of human health. Here we sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of gut microbiota extracted from the whole intestinal tract of two Macrotermes sp. soldiers collected from the Limpopo region of South Africa. Results Major and minor soldier subcastes of M. falciger exhibit consistent differences in taxonomic representation, and are variable in microbial presence and abundance patterns when compared to another edible but less preferred species, M. natalensis. Subcaste differences include alternate patterns in sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogenic Euryarchaeota abundance, and differences in abundance between Alistipes and Ruminococcaceae. M. falciger minor soldiers and M. natalensissoldiers have similar microbial profiles, likely from close proximity to the termite worker castes, particularly during foraging and fungus garden cultivation. Compared with previously published termite and cockroach gut microbiome data, the taxonomic representation was generally split between termites that directly digest lignocellulose and humic substrates and those that consume a more distilled form of nutrition as with the omnivorous cockroaches and fungus-farming termites. Lastly, to determine if edible termites may point to a shared reservoir for rare bacterial taxa found in the gut microbiome of humans, we focused on the genus Treponema. The majority of Treponemasequences from edible termite gut microbiota most closely relate to species recovered from other termites or from environmental samples, except for one novel OTU strain, which clustered separately with Treponema found in hunter-gatherer human groups. Conclusions Macrotermes consumed by humans display special gut microbial arrangements that are atypical for a lignocellulose digesting invertebrate, but are instead suited to the simplified nutrition in the fungus-farmer diet. Our work brings to light the particular termite microbiome features that should be explored further as avenues in human health, agricultural sustainability, and evolutionary research
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° Π±Π°Π³Π°ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ Π·Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡ. Π ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ Π·Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ² ΡΠ° Π·ΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
. ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡΠ² ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Micro Grid ΡΠΈ Smart Grid.The use of alternative energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal), together with traditional sources is relevant for today. This ensures uninterrupted flow of electricity to consumers. However, the efficiency of alternative energy sources is dependent on weather conditions. Therefore, the development of control methods and control algorithms in power systems for
providing the connection and disconnection of these sources, depending on user requirements, is actual. Creating these algorithms provides a solution to task of multi-selection. The system that contains three sources of alternative energy - photoelectric, wind generator and a diesel engine considered in this paper. This example shows the selection of one of the sources of the method of linear convolution for specific weather conditions. The conditions for extension of the method were considered when the number of sources or criterias is increasing and when we use as criterias different parameters which can be measured directly or indirectly.ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ (ΡΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, Π³Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. Π‘ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ - ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Ρ, Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ - Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Cell proliferation in human epiretinal membranes: characterization of cell types and correlation with disease condition and duration
To quantify the extent of cellular proliferation and immunohistochemically characterize the proliferating cell types in epiretinal membranes (ERMS) from four different conditions: proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy, post-retinal detachment, and idiopathic ERM. Forty-six ERMs were removed from patients undergoing vitrectomy and immediately fixed in paraformaldehyde. The membranes were processed whole and immunolabeled with either anti-MIB-1 or anti-SP6 to detect the K(i)-67 protein in proliferating cells, in combination with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein or anti-vimentin to identify glia, anti-ezrin to identify retinal pigment epithelial cells, Ricinus communis to identify immune cells, and Hoechst to label nuclei. Digital images were collected using a laser scanning confocal microscope. The cell types were identified, their combined proliferative indices were tabulated as the average number of anti-K(i)-67-positive cells/mm(2) of tissue, and the number of dividing cells was related to the specific ocular condition and estimated disease duration. ERMs of all four types were shown to be highly cellular and contained proliferating cells identified as glia, retinal pigment epithelium, and of immune origin. In general, membranes identified as PVR had many more K(i)-67-positive cells in comparison to those in the other three categories, with the average number of K(i)-67-positive cells identified per mm(2) of tissue being 20.9 for proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 138.3 for PVR, 12.2 for post-retinal detachment, and 19.3 for idiopathic ERM. While all membrane types had dividing cells, their number was a relatively small fraction of the total number of cells present. The four ERM types studied demonstrated different cell types actively dividing at the time of removal, confirming that proliferation is a common event and does continue over many months. The low number of dividing cells at the time of removal in comparison to the total number of cells present, however, is an indicator that proliferation alone may not be responsible for the problems observed with the ERMs. Treatment strategies may need to take into consideration the timing of drug administration, as well as the contractile and possibly the inflammatory characteristics of the membranes to prevent the ensuing effects on the retin
Review article liver metastases
Liver metastases are a very common site of distant metastases. Detection and accurate characterization of liver metastases is of importance to guide therapy. A variety of imaging modalities such as US (including contrast agents), MDCT, MRI with liver βspecific contrast agents and PET/CT are available for this purpose. This review presents imaging techniques and summarizes the current knowledge, how the different imaging modalities should be used
Polarization of Lambda^0 hyperons in nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energies
The measurement of Lambda^0 hyperons polarization in nucleus-nucleus
collisions is considered as one of possible tools to study the phase
transition. Fixed target and collider experiments are discussed for the case of
Lambda^0's production from Au-Au central collisions at \sqrt{s_{NN}} of several
GeV.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figure
The effect of NOTCH3 pathogenic variant position on CADASIL disease severity: NOTCH3 EGFr 1–6 pathogenic variant are associated with a more severe phenotype and lower survival compared with EGFr 7–34 pathogenic variant
Purpose: CADASIL is a small-vessel disease caused by a cysteine-altering pathogenic variant in one of the 34 epidermal growth factor-like repeat (EGFr) domains of the NOTCH3 protein. We recently found that pathogenic variant in EGFr domains 7\u201334 have an unexpectedly high frequency in the general population (1:300). We hypothesized that EGFr 7\u201334 pathogenic variant more frequently cause a much milder phenotype, thereby explaining an important part of CADASIL disease variability. Methods: Age at first stroke, survival and white matter hyperintensity volume were compared between 664 CADASIL patients with either a NOTCH3 EGFr 1\u20136 pathogenic variant or an EGFr 7\u201334 pathogenic variant. The frequencies of NOTCH3 EGFr 1\u20136 and EGFr 7\u201334 pathogenic variant were compared between individuals in the genome Aggregation Database and CADASIL patients. Results: CADASIL patients with an EGFr 1\u20136 pathogenic variant have a 12-year earlier onset of stroke than those with an EGFr 7\u201334 pathogenic variant, lower survival, and higher white matter hyperintensity volumes. Among diagnosed CADASIL patients, 70% have an EGFr 1\u20136 pathogenic variant, whereas EGFr 7\u201334 pathogenic variant strongly predominate in the population. Conclusion: NOTCH3 pathogenic variant position is the most important determinant of CADASIL disease severity, with EGFr 7\u201334 pathogenic variant predisposing to a later onset of stroke and longer survival
RNIE: genome-wide prediction of bacterial intrinsic terminators
Bacterial Rho-independent terminators (RITs) are important genomic landmarks involved in gene regulation and terminating gene expression. In this investigation we present RNIE, a probabilistic approach for predicting RITs. The method is based upon covariance models which have been known for many years to be the most accurate computational tools for predicting homology in structural non-coding RNAs. We show that RNIE has superior performance in model species from a spectrum of bacterial phyla. Further analysis of species where a low number of RITs were predicted revealed a highly conserved structural sequence motif enriched near the genic termini of the pathogenic Actinobacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This motif, together with classical RITs, account for up to 90% of all the significantly structured regions from the termini of M. tuberculosis genic elements. The software, predictions and alignments described below are available from http://github.com/ppgardne/RNIE
Kinetic characteristics of Escherichia coli RNase H1: cleavage of various antisense oligonucleotide-RNA duplexes
Adipocyte ATP-binding cassette G1 promotes triglyceride storage, fat mass growth, and human obesity
The role of ATP-binding Cassette G1 (ABCG1) transporter in human pathophysiology is still largely unknown. Indeed, beyond its role in mediating free cholesterol efflux to HDL, ABCG1 transporter equally promotes lipid accumulation in a triglyceride (TG)-rich environment through regulation of the bioavailability of Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL).As both ABCG1 and LPL are expressed in adipose tissue, we hypothesize that ABCG1 is implicated in adipocyte TG storage and could be then a major actor in adipose tissue fat accumulation.Silencing of Abcg1 expression by RNAi in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes compromised LPL-dependent TG accumulation during initial phase of differentiation. Generation of stable Abcg1 Knockdown 3T3-L1 adipocytes revealed that Abcg1 deficiency reduces TG storage and diminishes lipid droplet size through inhibition of PparΞ³ expression. Strikingly, local inhibition of adipocyte Abcg1 in adipose tissue from mice fed a high fat diet led to a rapid decrease of adiposity and weight gain. Analysis of two frequent ABCG1 SNPs (rs1893590 (A/C) and rs1378577 (T/G)) in morbidly obese individuals indicated that elevated ABCG1 expression in adipose tissue was associated with an increased PPARΞ³ expression and adiposity concomitant to an increased fat mass and BMI (haplotype AT>GC). The critical role of ABCG1 regarding obesity was further confirmed in independent populations of severe obese and diabetic obese individuals.For the first time, this study identifies a major role of adipocyte ABCG1 in adiposity and fat mass growth and suggests that adipose ABCG1 might represent a potential therapeutic target in obesity
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