Residence time distributions for hydrologic systems: Mechanistic foundations and steady-state analytical solutions

International audienceThis review presents the physical mechanisms generating residence time distributions (RTDs) in hydrologic systems with a focus on steady-state analytical solutions. Steady-state approximations of the RTD in hydrologic systems have seen widespread use over the last half-century because they provide a convenient, simplified modeling framework for a wide range of problems. The concept of an RTD is useful anytime that characterization of the timescales of flow and transport in hydrologic systems is important, which includes topics like water quality, water resource management, contaminant transport, and ecosystem preservation. Analytical solutions are often adopted as a model of the RTD and a broad spectrum of models from many disciplines has been applied. Although these solutions are typically reduced in dimensionality and limited in complexity, their ease of use makes them preferred tools, specifically for the interpretation of tracer data. Our review begins with the mechanistic basis for the governing equations, highlighting the physics for generating a RTD, and a catalog of analytical solutions follows. This catalog explains the geometry, boundary conditions and physical aspects of the hydrologic systems, as well as the sampling conditions, that altogether give rise to specific RTDs. The similarities between models are noted, as are the appropriate conditions for their applicability. The presentation of simple solutions is followed by a presentation of more complicated analytical models for RTDs, including serial and parallel combinations, lagged systems, and non-Fickian models. The conditions for the appropriate use of analytical solutions are discussed, and we close with some thoughts on potential applications, alternative approaches, and future directions for modeling hydrologic residence time

Temporal evolution of age data under transient pumping conditions

International audienceWhile most age data derived from tracers have been analyzed in steady-state flow conditions, we determine their temporal evolution when starting a pumping. Our study is based on a model made up of a shallowly dipping aquifer overlain by a less permeable aquitard characteristic of the crystalline aquifer of Plœmeur (Brittany, France). Under a pseudo transient flow assumption (instantaneous shift between two steady-state flow fields), we solve the transport equation with a backward particle-tracking method and determine the temporal evolution of the concentrations at the pumping well of CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113 and SF6. Apparent ages evolve because of the modifications of the flow pattern and because of the non-linear evolution of the tracer atmospheric concentrations. To identify the respective role of these two causes, we propose two successive analyses. We first convolute residence time distributions initially arising at different times at the same sampling time. We secondly convolute one residence time distribution at various sampling times. We show that flow pattern modifications control the apparent ages evolution in the first pumping year when the residence time distribution is modified from a piston-like distribution to a much broader distribution. In the first pumping year, the apparent age evolution contains transient information that can be used to better constrain hydrogeological systems and slightly compensate for the small number of tracers. Later, the residence time distribution hardly evolves and apparent ages only evolve because of the tracer atmospheric concentrations. In this phase, apparent age time-series do not reflect any evolution in the flow pattern

Housekeeping Mutualisms: Do More Symbionts Facilitate Host Performance?

Mutualisms often involve one host supporting multiple symbionts, whose identity, density and intraguild interactions can influence the nature of the mutualism and performance of the host. However, the implications of multiple co-occurring symbionts on services to a host have rarely been quantified. In this study, we quantified effects of decapod symbionts on removal of sediment from their coral host. Our field survey showed that all common symbionts typically occur as pairs and never at greater abundances. Two species, the crab Trapezia serenei and the shrimp Alpheus lottini, were most common and co-occurred more often than expected by chance. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to test for effects of decapod identity and density on sediment removal. Alone, corals removed 10% of sediment, but removal increased to 30% and 48% with the presence of two and four symbionts, respectively. Per-capita effects of symbionts were independent of density and identity. Our results suggest that symbiont density is restricted by intraspecific competition. Thus, increased sediment removal from a coral host can only be achieved by increasing the number of species of symbionts on that coral, even though these species are functionally equivalent. Symbiont diversity plays a key role, not through added functionality but by overcoming density limitation likely imposed by intraspecific mating systems

Genetic diversity and relationships of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) with native and introduced definitive and intermediate hosts

Fasciolosis is a worldwide spread parasitosis mainly caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica. This disease is particularly important for public health in tropical regions, but it can also affect the economies of many developed countries due to large infections in domestic animals. Although several studies have tried to understand the transmission by studying the prevalence of different host species, only a few have used population genetic approaches to understand the links between domestic and wildlife infections. Here, we present the results of such genetic approach combined with classical parasitological data (prevalence and intensity) by studying domestic and wild definitive hosts from Camargue (southern France) where fasciolosis is considered as a problem. We found 60% of domestic hosts (cattle) infected with F. hepatica but lower values in wild hosts (nutria, 19%; wild boars, 4.5%). We explored nine variable microsatellite loci for 1,148 adult flukes recovered from four different populations (non-treated cattle, treated cattle, nutria and wild boars). Populations from the four groups differed, though we found a number of migrants particularly non-treated cattle and nutria. Overall, we detected 729 different multilocus genotypes (from 783 completely genotyped individuals) and only 46 genotypes repeated across samples. Finally, we experimentally infected native and introduced intermediate snail hosts to explore their compatibility with F. hepatica and assess the risks of fasciolosis expansion in the region. The introduced species Galba truncatula and Pseudosuccinea columella attained the higher values of overall compatibility in relation to the European species. However, concerning the origin, sympatric combinations of G. truncatula were more compatible (higher prevalence, intensity and survival) than the allopatric tested. According to our results, we should note that the assessment of epidemiological risks cannot be limited to a single host–parasite system, but should focus on understanding the diversity of hosts in the heterogeneous environment through space and time.Fil: Vázquez, Antonio A.. Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kourí”; Cuba. Université Montpellier II; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Sabourin, Emeline. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Alda, Maria del Pilar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados I; Argentina. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Leroy, Clémentine. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Leray, Carole. Institut de Recherche de la Tour du Valat; FranciaFil: Carron, Eric. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Mulero, Stephen. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; Francia. Université de Perpignan Via Domitia; FranciaFil: Caty, Céline. Institut de Recherche de la Tour du Valat; FranciaFil: Hasfia, Sarah. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Boisseau, Michel. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Saugné, Lucas. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Pineau, Olivier. Institut de Recherche de la Tour du Valat; FranciaFil: Blanchon, Thomas. Institut de Recherche de la Tour du Valat; FranciaFil: Alba, Annia. Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kourí”; Cuba. Università di Corsica Pasquale Paoli; FranciaFil: Faugère, Dominique. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Vittecoq, Marion. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; Francia. Institut de Recherche de la Tour du Valat; FranciaFil: Hurtrez Boussès, Sylvie. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; Franci

Natural experiments and long-term monitoring are critical to understand and predict marine host-microbe ecology and evolution

© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Leray, M., Wilkins, L. G. E., Apprill, A., Bik, H. M., Clever, F., Connolly, S. R., De Leon, M. E., Duffy, J. E., Ezzat, L., Gignoux-Wolfsohn, S., Herre, E. A., Kaye, J. Z., Kline, D. I., Kueneman, J. G., McCormick, M. K., McMillan, W. O., O’Dea, A., Pereira, T. J., Petersen, J. M., Petticord, D. F., Torchin, M. E., Thurber, R. V., Videvall, E., Wcislo, W. T., Yuen, B., Eisen, J. A. . Natural experiments and long-term monitoring are critical to understand and predict marine host-microbe ecology and evolution. Plos Biology, 19(8), (2021): e3001322, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001322.Marine multicellular organisms host a diverse collection of bacteria, archaea, microbial eukaryotes, and viruses that form their microbiome. Such host-associated microbes can significantly influence the host’s physiological capacities; however, the identity and functional role(s) of key members of the microbiome (“core microbiome”) in most marine hosts coexisting in natural settings remain obscure. Also unclear is how dynamic interactions between hosts and the immense standing pool of microbial genetic variation will affect marine ecosystems’ capacity to adjust to environmental changes. Here, we argue that significantly advancing our understanding of how host-associated microbes shape marine hosts’ plastic and adaptive responses to environmental change requires (i) recognizing that individual host–microbe systems do not exist in an ecological or evolutionary vacuum and (ii) expanding the field toward long-term, multidisciplinary research on entire communities of hosts and microbes. Natural experiments, such as time-calibrated geological events associated with well-characterized environmental gradients, provide unique ecological and evolutionary contexts to address this challenge. We focus here particularly on mutualistic interactions between hosts and microbes, but note that many of the same lessons and approaches would apply to other types of interactions.Financial support for the workshop was provided by grant GBMF5603 (https://doi.org/10.37807/GBMF5603) from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (W.T. Wcislo, J.A. Eisen, co-PIs), and additional funding from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the Office of the Provost of the Smithsonian Institution (W.T. Wcislo, J.P. Meganigal, and R.C. Fleischer, co-PIs). JP was supported by a WWTF VRG Grant and the ERC Starting Grant 'EvoLucin'. LGEW has received funding from the European Union’s Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 (2014-2020) under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 101025649. AO was supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SENACYT, Panamá). A. Apprill was supported by NSF award OCE-1938147. D.I. Kline, M. Leray, S.R. Connolly, and M.E. Torchin were supported by a Rohr Family Foundation grant for the Rohr Reef Resilience Project, for which this is contribution #2. This is contribution #85 from the Smithsonian’s MarineGEO and Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network.

Trade-Offs Between Reducing Complex Terminology and Producing Accurate Interpretations from Environmental DNA: Comment on “Environmental DNA: What\u27s behind the term?” by Pawlowski et al., (2020)

In a recent paper, “Environmental DNA: What\u27s behind the term? Clarifying the terminology and recommendations for its future use in biomonitoring,” Pawlowski et al. argue that the term eDNA should be used to refer to the pool of DNA isolated from environmental samples, as opposed to only extra-organismal DNA from macro-organisms. We agree with this view. However, we are concerned that their proposed two-level terminology specifying sampling environment and targeted taxa is overly simplistic and might hinder rather than improve clear communication about environmental DNA and its use in biomonitoring. This terminology is based on categories that are often difficult to assign and uninformative, and it overlooks a fundamental distinction within eDNA: the type of DNA (organismal or extra-organismal) from which ecological interpretations are derived

CBP-HSF2 structural and functional interplay in Rubinstein-Taybi neurodevelopmental disorder

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with unclear underlying mechanisms. Here, the authors unravel the contribution of a stress-responsive pathway to RSTS where impaired HSF2 acetylation, due to RSTS-associated CBP/EP300 mutations, alters the expression of neurodevelopmental players, in keeping with hallmarks of cell-cell adhesion defects.Patients carrying autosomal dominant mutations in the histone/lysine acetyl transferases CBP or EP300 develop a neurodevelopmental disorder: Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS). The biological pathways underlying these neurodevelopmental defects remain elusive. Here, we unravel the contribution of a stress-responsive pathway to RSTS. We characterize the structural and functional interaction between CBP/EP300 and heat-shock factor 2 (HSF2), a tuner of brain cortical development and major player in prenatal stress responses in the neocortex: CBP/EP300 acetylates HSF2, leading to the stabilization of the HSF2 protein. Consequently, RSTS patient-derived primary cells show decreased levels of HSF2 and HSF2-dependent alteration in their repertoire of molecular chaperones and stress response. Moreover, we unravel a CBP/EP300-HSF2-N-cadherin cascade that is also active in neurodevelopmental contexts, and show that its deregulation disturbs neuroepithelial integrity in 2D and 3D organoid models of cerebral development, generated from RSTS patient-derived iPSC cells, providing a molecular reading key for this complex pathology.</p

Caractérisation des aquifères de socle cristallin et de leur ressource en eau - Apport des données d' " âge " de l'eau

204 p.Fractured media have been traditionally less explored and exploited compared to simpler and more accessible ones. However, they are now much more under consideration as they may actually constitute viable groundwater resources. Understanding this type of medium is thus a main stake of hydrogeology. We first propose to explore groundwater resources bearing structures in hard-rock systems other than the already identified ones, i.e. the weathered zone and regional sub-vertical fractured zones. In this connection, we identify local sub-horizontal fractured zone. This type of structures may apply to aquifers for which traditional models fail, like the Ploemeur hardrock aquifer (Brittany). We then study the contribution of age data for characterizing complex heterogeneous systems and their resource. Emerging from concentration measurements, these data are classically used in fairly homogeneous models to quantify recharge. Yet, we reconsider their sensitivity and show that, considering the properties uncertainty in complex systems, they can be used to quantify the velocity field structure rather than its magnitude. Carrying out a more general thought about their information content, we also show that being integrative data, a sole data cannot identify flow model and the associated residence time distribution. This results in plenty of consistent models, yet inadequate for prediction e.g. the exponential model. We finally propose ways to counteract this difficulty using spatial and temporal distribution of data.Jadis délaissés au profit des milieux plus simples et/ou accessibles, les milieux souterrains fracturés, notamment ceux de socle cristallin, bénéficient désormais d'un intérêt croissant vue leur capacité à constituer de réelles ressources en eau. La compréhension de ces systèmes apparaît donc comme un enjeu majeur en hydrogéologie. Nous explorons avant tout la possibilité de structures portant une ressource en eau autres que celles jusqu'à présent identifiées i.e. la zone altérée et les fractures régionales sub-verticales. Nous identifions à ce propos les fractures locales à faible pente, confirmant ainsi certaines observations de site comme celles réalisées sur l'aquifère de socle cristallin de Ploemeur (Bretagne). Nous étudions ensuite l'apport des données d'" âge " pour la caractérisation des systèmes hétérogènes complexes et de leur ressource. Issues de mesures de concentration, elles sont classiquement utilisées dans les milieux peu hétérogènes pour quantifier la recharge. Nous reconsidérons ici leur sensibilité et montrons, en cohérence avec le degré d'incertitude des propriétés, qu'elles peuvent autant servir à caractériser la structure du champ de vitesse plutôt que sa magnitude. Par une réflexion plus générale sur leur contenu informationnel, nous montrons aussi qu'elles ne peuvent seules identifier le modèle d'écoulement et la distribution des temps de résidence associée, en raison de leur caractère intégrateur. Il en résulte pléthore de modèles cohérents avec les données même si peu pertinents pour la prédiction tel que le modèle exponentiel. Nous proposons au final les moyens de contrecarrer cet écueil par une utilisation spatiale et temporelle de la donnée

Caractérisation des aquifères de socle cristallin et de leur ressource en eau (apport des données d'"âge" de l'eau)

Jadis délaissés au profit des milieux plus simples et/ou accessibles, les milieux souterrains fracturés, notamment ceux de socle cristallin, bénéficient désormais d'un intérêt croissant vue leur capacité à constituer de réelles ressources en eau. La compréhension de ces systèmes apparait donc comme un enjeu majeur en hydrogéologie. Nous explorons avant tout la possibilité de structures portant une ressource en eau autres que celles jusqu'à présent identifiées i.e. la zone altérée et les fractures régionales sub-verticales. Nous identifions à ce propos les fractures locales à faible pente, confirmant ainsi certaines observations de site comme celles réalisées sur l'aquifère de socle cristallin de Plœmeur (Bretagne). Nous étudions ensuite l'apport des données d' âge pour la caractérisation des systèmes hétérogènes complexes et de leur ressource. Issues de mesures de concentration, elles sont classiquement utilisées dans les milieux peu hétérogènes pour quantifier la recharge. Nous reconsidérons ici leur sensibilité et montrons, en cohérence avec le degré d'incertitude des propriétés, qu'elles peuvent autant servir à caractériser la structure du champ de vitesse plutôt que sa magnitude. Par une réflexion plus générale sur leur contenu informationnel, nous montrons aussi qu'elles ne peuvent seules identifier le modèle d'écoulement et la distribution des temps de résidence associée, en raison de leur caractère intégrateur. Il en résulte pléthore de modèles cohérents avec les données même si peu pertinents pour la prédiction tel que le modèle exponentiel. Nous proposons au final les moyens de contrecarrer cet écueil par une utilisation spatiale et temporelle de la donnée.Fractured media have been traditionally less explored and exploited compared to simpler and more accessible ones. However, they are now much more under consideration as they may actually constitute viable groundwater resources. Understanding this type of medium is thus a main stake of hydrogeology. We first propose to explore groundwater resources bearing structures in hard-rock systems other than the already identified ones, as the weathered zone and regional sub-vertical fractured zones. In this connection, we identify local sub-horizontal fractured zone. This type of structures may apply to aquifers for which traditional models fail like the Plœmeur hard-rock aquifer (Brittany). We then study the contribution of age data for characterizing complex heterogeneous systems and their resource. Emerging from concentration measurements, these data are classically used in fairly homogeneous models to quantify recharge. Yet, we reconsider their sensitivity and show that, considering the properties uncertainty in complex systems, they can be used to quantify the velocity field structure rather than its magnitude. Carrying out a more general thought about their information content, we also show that being integrative data, a sole data cannot identify flow model and the associated residence time distribution. This results in plenty of consistent models, yet inadequate for predicting e.g. the exponential model. We finally propose ways to counteract this difficulty using spatial and temporal distribution of data.RENNES1-BU Sciences Philo (352382102) / SudocSudocFranceF