Bedömning ­ en komparativ studie om fem lärares bedömning i matematik år 1-3.

­Vad betyder begreppet bedömning för lärare? Fördelar och nackdelar? ­Vad är det lärare bedömer i matematik och varför? ­Vad anser lärare om skriftliga omdömen och i vilken mån används skriftliga omdömen? ­Vad anser lärare om de nya målen och de nationella proven i åk 3? Vi har använt oss av kvalitativa intervjuer och har, där vi i den mån de intervjuade ställt upp, använt oss av ljudupptagning. Lärarna som vi har intervjuat bedömer väldigt allsidigt i matematik. De bedömer prov, diagnoser och när de rättar matematikboken, då ser de elevens automatisering av addition, subtraktion och multiplikation. Detta tydliggör elevens fakta och färdighetskunskaper. Genom matematiksamlingar, gruppsamtal och enskilda samtal får lärarna en bild av hur eleverna arbetar med problemlösning och logiskt tänkande. Lärarna bedömer då elevens förståelse och förtrogenhet i matematik. Genom vår undersökning fann vi att de lärare med längst yrkeserfarenhet och intresse har en klarare och tydligare struktur av vad bedömning innebär. I vår undersökning framkom det också att formativ bedömning används i större utsträckning än den summativa vilket var en positiv överraskning. En lärare undervisar inte bara sina ämnen i klassrummet utan det handlar om utvecklingssamtal, föräldramöten, föräldrakontakter och bedömning av elever. Att vi behöver bedöma våra elever är en självklar sak i vår undervisning. Det är även viktigt att både elever och föräldrar är delaktiga i denna bedömning

Factors modulating neonatal pain responssiveness

To relieve pain in newborn infants particularly preterm infants is essential in modern neonatology. However, there are a number of innate difficulties related to pain assessment and pharmacological treatment, which includes in this thesis work. It emanated from our participation in an international team that designed and conducted the NEOPAIN multicenter trials, testing the effects of morphine analgesia in 898 preterm mechanically ventilated neonates. Primary neurological outcomes were defined as death, severe IVH and PVL that were not affected, respectively. However, intermittent doses with morphine increased the incidence of composite outcome 24% vs. 15 %. The preemptive morphine infusion did not improve short-term pulmonary outcomes; it extended the mechanical ventilation time with one day. Additional morphine doses aggravated the respiratory outcomes in preterm neonates with RDS and severity of illness. Because these neonates were sicker and had greater physiological instability, they required more frequent procedures and pain assessments by caregivers, consequently an increased use of additional doses of morphine analgesia. However, the pre-emptive morphine infusions reduced pain responsiveness, measured by changes in heart rate (HR) p<0.005, blood pressure p<0.001, and decreased PIPP scores (p<0.02), as compared with placebo. The ability of professional NICU staffs to correctly estimate analgesia treatment is limited. Neither education (63% to 54%, p=0.60) nor experiences (65% to 55%, p=0.28) in the NICU affected their ability to assess whether the neonates had received analgesia or not, highlighting the difficulties in assessment of prolonged neonatal pain. Term newborn infants delivered vaginally (VD) reacted with less responsiveness (facial expression 36.6%, cry 21.6%, and HR 4.2 %, p=0.04-0.001) after injection of vitamin K as compared to the infants delivered by caesarean section (CS). VD infants showed increased physiological reactivity to graded painful stimuli in the first hours following birth (p<0.001 and p=0.04, for high- and lowintensity stimuli, respectively) but no such increase occurred in the CS newborn infants (p=0.96 and p=0.52). These findings suggest that vaginal delivery leads to a foetal inhibition of pain and thermal sensory processing soon after birth. Both painful and tactile stimuli resulted in hemodynamic responses in the parietal (somatosensory) cortex, monitored by NIRS in preterm neonates, but did not occur in the occipital (visual) cortex. This sensory perception was accentuated responses in preterm neonates with male sex (p<0.05), lower gestational ages (p<0.05), or greater postnatal ages (p<0.001). These nuanced responses of preterm infants at the cortical level indicate conscious perception of pain

Life is doing. Facilitators and hindrances for occupational performance in adults with cerebral palsy - including methods of intervention

Introduction: Occupational performance is a complex process which poses difficulties to persons with CP even where they have relatively good motor function. Aim: To explore and describe the perception of occupational performance in everyday life in adults with cerebral palsy, to examine whether a certain intervention has the potential to improve opportunities for occupational performance, and to test an instrument that can be used to detect occupational imbalance in this target group. Methods: Study I took a phenomenographic approach, focusing on variation in the participants’ perceptions of occupational performance in everyday life. Directed content analysis was used in Study II, where the interview material from Study I was related to the Model of the Process of Doing. Studies III and IV investigated the feasibility of an intervention, the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) Approach. Study III had an exploratory multiple-case design while in Study IV the semi-structured interviews about the participants’ experiences were analysed using content analysis. Study V used a sequential exploratory design. Results: The participants described it as extremely important to perform occupations independently, since by doing they formed their identity. Facilitators and hindrances for doing were described, showing difficulties in all phases of the ‘process of doing’ where each participant had difficulties in one or more phases. Doing often came with a high cost in terms of deterioration, pain, stress and mental and/or physical fatigue. However, the participants also strove for inclusion when performing occupations. Strategies to be able to process what happens during the performance of a task as well as knowledge about one’s strengths and limitations were characterised as crucial for belief in one’s capability. The participants’ satisfaction with the CO-OP Approach was high and they found that it boosted them. CO-OP was deemed to support their way of thinking and doing during the various phases of the ‘process of doing’. Their self-rated goal attainment as well as their measured executive functions improved. The modified Mental Fatigue Scale showed the potential to be a useful instrument for self-rating of mental fatigue and related symptoms in adults with CP. Conclusion: Young adults with CP (MACS I–II) consider it important to perform everyday occupations themselves and to develop by doing. Hence there is a need for person-centred interventions where persons can develop their potential to solve performance problems that may arise during the various phases of the ‘process of doing’. Moreover, there is a need for interventions that create good opportunities to attain occupational balance

To listen is to be supportive : Nurses experience of patients with fatigue syndrome

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa, där utmattningssyndrom är en av diagnoserna är ett ökande problem. Många av de som drabbas överges och får inte den vård de behöver och har rätt till. Tid för samtal och egenvård är en viktig del i rehabiliteringen där primärvården och företagshälsovården är de huvudsakliga vårdgivarna. Syfte: Avsikten med studien var att undersöka vilken erfarenhet som sjuksköterskor inom primär- och företagshälsovård har av patienter med utmattningssyndrom. Metod: Åtta sjuksköterskor från primär- och företagshälsovård intervjuades med semistrukturerade frågor. Intervjumaterialet analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Ett tema lyssna samt två kategorier grindvakt och skapa begriplighet skapades. Alla sjuksköterskor beskrev att de initialt hade långa samtal men deras erfarenheter skiljde sig åt. Några sjuksköterskor beskrev att det var till nytta för patienterna medan andra berättade att de inte jobbade med den här patientgruppen. Konklusion: Genomgående beskriver alla sjuksköterskor att det de gör innebär att de lyssnar på patienterna samtidigt som flera av dem inte explicit uttrycker det som ett stöd. Det kan tolkas som att den relationella delen av omvårdnaden är osynlig för sjuksköterskorna som inte uppfattar att deras lyssnande är av värde för patienterna.Background: Mental illness where fatigue syndrome is one of the diagnoses is an increasing problem. Many persons with fatigue syndrome experience abandonment and do not achieve the help they need and are entitled to. Time for conversation and self-care is an important part of rehabilitation where primary healthcare and occupational healthcare have a prominent role Aim: This study's purpose was to explore what experience that nurses in primary and occupational healthcare had of patients with fatigue syndrome. Method: Eight nurses from primary and occupational healthcare were interviewed using semi-structured questions. The interview material was analyzed using content analysis. Results: A theme listening and two categories gatekeeper and create comprehensibility emerged. All nurses had initially long conversations with the patients, but their experience differed. Some of the nurses told that they were important to the patients and others indicated that they were not working with this patient group. Conclusion: All nurses describes that what they do means that they are listening to the patients at the same time that several of them not explicit express it as a support. That can be interpreted as the relation part of nursing are invisible for the nurses who does not perceive their listening valuable for the patients

Applications and characterization of radiolabeled or magnetizable nano- and microparticles for res, lymph, and blood flow studies

For diagnostic purpose, particles can be labeled with radionuclides or contain magnetizable materials making them suitable for external measurements of their biokinetics in vivo. In therapy, particles can be used as targetable drug-delivery systems or, if containing radioactivity, for internal radiation therapy. Loaded with, e.g., stable iodine, particles may also be used for photon activation therapy

Reproductive performance in high-producing dairy cows

Milk yields >10,000 kg/year are common in modern dairy production, owing to improved nutrition, management and genetic gains through use of progeny-tested bulls. However, reproductive performance has decreased worldwide in many cows with a high genetic potential for milk production, particularly in the Holstein breed. Moreover, cow robustness and longevity is also threatened by increasing stress, udder health disturbances and of locomotion disorders. Genetic global misuse of a narrow base of AI sires -including those selected for high milk yield but not consequently for health and reproductive traits- has not only contributed to these undesirable effects on animal health and welfare but, together with sub-optimal management, jeopardized the ethical and economical sustainability of modern dairy farming. This review describes the state-of-the-art of this multifaceted problem and advises on how to ameliorate it, since it is not seen as an unsolvable problem. Use of high-fertility sires, of balanced breeding programs with adequate trait measurements, diet optimization, design of buildings and management systems that best support reproduction as well as cross-breeding; are among short- and medium-term strategies. In a longer perspective, holistic- and trait-orientated research on interrelations between gene regulation of nutrition, lactation and stress is needed; aiming at identifying reliable and cheap markers to be used on-line and on-farm as recorders of genetic traits. Awaiting the full application of juvenile genomic selection, a wider inclusion of functional traits (fertility, health and longevity) and of product quality are mandatory for breeding programs in order to secure acceptable fertility, sustained milk production and the best welfare of dairy cows. Such strategies have proven successful in the Nordic countries and are being increasingly adopted by others

Data from: Consequences for piglet performance of group housing lactating sows at one, two, or three weeks post-farrowing

Housing lactating sows with piglets in a multi-suckling pen from around 14 days post-farrowing is common practice in Swedish organic piglet production. However, nursing-suckling interaction is less frequent in multi-suckling pens than in individual farrowing pens, thus affecting piglet performance, e.g., piglet growth. Moreover, piglet mortality is higher in systems using multi-suckling pens. Three management routines whereby lactating sows with piglets were moved from individual farrowing pens to multi-suckling pens at one, two, or three weeks post-farrowing were compared in terms of nursing-suckling interaction and piglet performance. Correlations between nursing-suckling interaction, piglet performance, and piglet mortality were also examined. In total, 43 Yorkshire sows with piglets were included in the study. Nursing-suckling interaction and all piglet performance parameters except piglet mortality did not differ between management routines. Piglet mortality in the individual farrowing pens did not differ between management routines, but piglet mortality in the multi-suckling pen was lower (P<0.05) when piglets were group housed at three weeks compared with one week post-farrowing. Overall piglet mortality was positively correlated with mortality in the multi-suckling pen for piglets group housed at one week (r = 0.61: P<0.05) and at two weeks post-farrowing (r = 0.62: P<0.05) but not for piglets group housed at three weeks post-farrowing. In conclusion, overall piglet mortality could be reduced if sows and piglets are group housed at three weeks post-farrowing and piglet survival the first week post-farrowing is improved

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Time taking for the nursing suckling interactio

Sow performance in multi-suckling pens with different management routines

Abstract Production systems with group housing of sows during a part of the lactation are used in certified organic production and can increase the occurrence of lactational estrus thus making batch-wise breeding difficult. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of lactational estrus and time at return to estrus after weaning by following the performance of the sow (change in body weight, back fat and litter size) in three different management routines. The sows and their litters were moved from individual to multi-suckling pen at one (W1; n = 14), two (W2; n = 13), or 3 weeks (W3; n = 16) post farrowing. All sows had a total lactation of 6 weeks. Ovulation was monitored by analysis of fecal progesterone metabolites. Only one sow (W3) ovulated during lactation. Sows in the W2 and W3 groups had a shorter weaning-to-standing estrus interval than W1-sows (2.6 ± 0.3; 2.7 ± 0.2 and 4.0 ± 0.3 days respectively, P < 0.001). The W1-sows and piglets might have kept their nursing bond more intact all through the group housing since the piglets were completely dependent on the nursing at the time of their move to the group pen, thereby staying in lactational anestrus and retaining standard weaning-estrous interval. There was no difference in litter size at grouping or at weaning between management routines and parities. Third and later parity sows had significantly thicker back fat at farrowing and at weaning than 1st and 2nd parity sows (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the occurrence of lactational estrus can be low in a multi-suckling pen and the interval between farrowing and move to a multi-suckling pen can affect the weaning to estrus interval. The short weaning-to-standing estrus interval seen in W2 and W3 suggests that estrus detection should start immediately post weaning for sows kept in multi-suckling pens