The Professional Development Practices of Two Reading First Coaches

To establish job-embedded, ongoing professional development recent policies and initiatives required that districts appoint school-based coaches. The Reading First Initiative, for example, created an immediate need for coaches without a clear definition of coaches’ responsibilities. Therefore, the purpose of this case study was to investigate how two Reading First coaches interpreted and enacted their professional development responsibilities. Cross-case analyses identified similarities and differences in coaches’ enactments. Findings revealed that while each coach engaged in similar professional development responsibilities (e.g. modeling, observing, and classroom walkthroughs) their approach to these responsibilities differed — collaborative versus expert driven. These differences in approaches indicate that the preparation for coaches should include development of knowledge about how teachers learn and methods and strategies for developing and implementing effective professional development within schools

Analisis Permintaan Produk Susu Bubuk Balita pada Konsumen Rumah Tangga di Kecamatan Loli Kabupaten Sumba Barat

The aim of this research is to know the demand of toddler milk product and the influence of family\u27s earning, milk price, amount of toddler in family, level of mother education and mother\u27s nutrient knowledge to the demand of toddler milk product factor. This research was executed in Februari-Maret 2012 in Loli Sub District Sumba Barat Regency. Method which was used in this research is survey method. The method of sample determination with Multistage Random Sampling method that is chosening 3 villages with highest amount of toddler, each village selected 2 RWs at random, each RW selected 2 RTs at random, and then from each chosen RT is determined 5 respondents at random with the respondent assumption have todller, so the sum of sample is 60 respondents. Variable taken as research model is the demand of toddler milk product (Y), earnings (X1), goods price (X2), amount of toddler in family (X3), mother\u27s education (X4), and the level of mother\u27s nutrient knowledge (X5). The data were obtained is in the form of primary data and sekunder data. The data were obtained is in the form of SPSS program version 16.0 with demand model Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4X4 + b5X5 + e. Regresion result that obtained is Y=-1,140 + 0,723X1 - 0,331 X2 + 0,218X3 + 0,032X4 + 0,071X5. Family\u27s earnings (X1), milk price (X2), amount of toddler in family (X3), mother\u27s education (X4), and the level of mother\u27s nutrient knowledge (X5) simultaneously have an effect (P ≤ 0,05) to the demand of toddler milk product. Partially, the demand of toddler milk product is influenced by family\u27s earning (X1), milk price (X2) and the amount of toddler in family (X3), with R2 = 0,543

Fizikalne i kemijske karakteristike i senzoričko ocjenjivanje plodova šipka (Punica granatum L.) sorte "Glavaš"

Physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of pomegranate fruits of cultivar ‘Glavaš’ were investigated. External and internal fruit quality was assessed by standard parameters (fruit and aril weight and dimensions, soluble solids, total acid) and sensorial quality by panel tests (fruit size, shape and colour; juiciness, sweet/acid taste). Among locations ‘Stolac3’ and ‘Buna 3’ have significantly distinct physical characteristics. The highest fruit weight was at ‘Buna 3’. Location ‘Stolac 1’had significantly higher values of total soluble solid content (17,63 ºBrix) and acidity of fruit juice (3,16 g/L). Large differences in sensory scores for fruit taste were found between locations.Istraživane su fizikalne, kemijske i senzoričke karakteristike plodova šipka sorte ‘Glavaš’. Vanjska i unutarnja kakvoća ploda ocijenjena je standardnim parametrima (masa ploda i arilusa, dimenzije ploda i arilusa, suha tvar, ukupne kiseline) i senzoričkim ocjenjivanjem panel testom (krupnoća ploda, oblik i boja ploda i arilusa, sočnost, slatkoća/kiselost). Između istraživanih lokacija statistički značajne razlike u fizikalnim karakteristikama ploda javljaju se na lokacijama ‘Stolac 3’ i ‘Buna 3’. Najveća masa ploda izmjerena je na lokaciji ‘Buna 3’. Lokacija ‘Stolac 1’ značajno se razlikuje u sadržaju suhe tvari (17,63 ºBrix) i ukupnih kiselina (3,16 g/L). Senzoričkim ocjenjivanjem utvrđene su razlike u okusu između plodova na različitim lokacijama

Fizikalne i kemijske karakteristike i senzoričko ocjenjivanje plodova šipka (Punica granatum L.) sorte "Glavaš"

Physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of pomegranate fruits of cultivar ‘Glavaš’ were investigated. External and internal fruit quality was assessed by standard parameters (fruit and aril weight and dimensions, soluble solids, total acid) and sensorial quality by panel tests (fruit size, shape and colour; juiciness, sweet/acid taste). Among locations ‘Stolac3’ and ‘Buna 3’ have significantly distinct physical characteristics. The highest fruit weight was at ‘Buna 3’. Location ‘Stolac 1’had significantly higher values of total soluble solid content (17,63 ºBrix) and acidity of fruit juice (3,16 g/L). Large differences in sensory scores for fruit taste were found between locations.Istraživane su fizikalne, kemijske i senzoričke karakteristike plodova šipka sorte ‘Glavaš’. Vanjska i unutarnja kakvoća ploda ocijenjena je standardnim parametrima (masa ploda i arilusa, dimenzije ploda i arilusa, suha tvar, ukupne kiseline) i senzoričkim ocjenjivanjem panel testom (krupnoća ploda, oblik i boja ploda i arilusa, sočnost, slatkoća/kiselost). Između istraživanih lokacija statistički značajne razlike u fizikalnim karakteristikama ploda javljaju se na lokacijama ‘Stolac 3’ i ‘Buna 3’. Najveća masa ploda izmjerena je na lokaciji ‘Buna 3’. Lokacija ‘Stolac 1’ značajno se razlikuje u sadržaju suhe tvari (17,63 ºBrix) i ukupnih kiselina (3,16 g/L). Senzoričkim ocjenjivanjem utvrđene su razlike u okusu između plodova na različitim lokacijama

Monoaminergic Neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease

Acknowledgments This work was supported by The Croatian Science Foundation grant. no. IP-2014-09-9730 (“Tau protein hyperphosphorylation, aggregation, and trans-synaptic transfer in Alzheimer’s disease: cerebrospinal fluid analysis and assessment of potential neuroprotective compounds”) and European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action CM1103 (“Stucture-based drug design for diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases: dissecting and modulating complex function in the monoaminergic systems of the brain”). PRH is supported in part by NIH grant P50 AG005138.Peer reviewedPostprin

Gene expression profiling of the dorsolateral and medial orbitofrontal cortex in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a complex polygenic disorder of unknown etiology. Over 3,000 candidate genes associated with schizophrenia have been reported, most of which being mentioned only once. Alterations in cognitive processing - working memory, metacognition and mentalization - represent a core feature of schizophrenia, which indicates the involvement of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of this disorder. Hence we compared the gene expression in postmortem tissue from the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, Brodmann's area 46), and the medial part of the orbitofrontal cortex (MOFC, Brodmann's area 11/12), in six patients with schizophrenia and six control brains. Although in the past decade several studies performed transcriptome profiling in schizophrenia, this is the first study to investigate both hemispheres, providing new knowledge about possible brain asymmetry at the level of gene expression and its relation to schizophrenia. We found that in the left hemisphere, twelve genes from the DLPFC and eight genes from the MOFC were differentially expressed in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls. In the right hemisphere there was only one gene differentially expressed in the MOFC. We reproduce the involvement of previously reported genes TARDBP and HNRNPC in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and report seven novel genes: SART1, KAT7, C1D, NPM1, EVI2A, XGY2, and TTTY15. As the differentially expressed genes only partially overlap with previous studies that analyzed other brain regions, our findings indicate the importance of considering prefrontal cortical regions, especially those in the left hemisphere, for obtaining disease-relevant insights

CO2 Emission Factors for Coals

Za izračunavanje emisije ugljikova dioksida zbog izgaranja ugljena, emisijski faktor CO2 važan je ulazni parametar. Referentni emisijski faktori prema Uputama Međuvladinog tijela za klimatske promjene iz 2006. godine (engl. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) specificirani su prema stupnju pougljenja (coal rank), ali se pri izradi nacionalnog izvješća o stakleničkim plinovima preporučuje primjena nacionalnih emisijskih faktora. Sadržaj ugljika najvažnije je svojstvo ugljena i pokazatelj je stupnja pougljenja (karbonizacije). Međutim mnoga svojstva ugljena vrlo su specifična (npr. sadržaj sumpora, pepela, vlage i macerala) te emisijski faktori CO2 ugljena ne ovise samo o stupnju pougljenja već i o njegovu geografskom porijeklu. U preliminarnom istraživanju, temeljem podataka dobivenih analizom goriva, izračunati su emisijski faktori CO2 za ugljene i treset s područja Livna, BiH: 147,9 t TJ−1 za treset, 109,5 t TJ−1 za lignit i 98,7 t TJ−1 za smeđi ugljen, što odgovara sljedećim donjim ogrjevnim vrijednostima (Hd): 3,6 MJ kg−1, 11,5MJ kg−1 i 20,6 MJ kg−1. Razlika u ogrjevnoj vrijednosti može se djelomično objasniti različitim udjelom ukupne vlage u ispitivanim uzorcima. Usporedba izračunatih emisijskih faktora s referentnim vrijednostima, pokazala je najveća odstupanja kod treseta (39,5 %), potom kod lignita (8,2 %) i smeđeg ugljena (4,3 %).Emission factors are used in greenhouse gas inventories to estimate emissions from coal combustion. In the absence of direct measures, emissions factors are frequently used as a quick, low cost way to estimate emissions values. Coal combustion has been a major contributor to the CO2 flux into the atmosphere. Nearly all of the fuel carbon (99 %) in coal is converted to CO2 during the combustion process. The carbon content is the most important coal parameter which is the measure of the degree of coalification (coal rank). Coalification is the alteration of vegetation to form peat, succeeded by the transformation of peat through lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous to anthracite coal. During the geochemical or metamorphic stage, the progressive changes that occur within the coal are an increase in the carbon content and a decrease in the hydrogen and oxygen content resulting in a loss of volatiles. Heterogeneous composition of coal causes variation in CO2 emission from different coals. The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has produced guidelines on how to produce emission inventories which includes emission factors. Although 2006 IPCC Guidelines provided the default values specified according to the rank of the coal, the application of country-specific emission factors was recommended when estimating the national greenhouse gas emissions. This paper discusses the differences between country-specific emission factors and default IPCC CO2 emission factors, EF(CO2), for coals. Also, this study estimated EF(CO2) for two different types of coals and peat from B&H, on the basis fuel analyses. Carbon emission factors for coal mainly depend on the carbon content of the fuel and vary with both rank and geographic origin, which supports the idea of provincial variation of carbon emission factors. Also, various other factors, such as content of sulphur, minerals and macerals play an important role and influence EF(CO2) from coal. Carbonate minerals (calcite and siderite) directly contribute CO2 when they decompose during coal combustion. Variations in the maceral content can also influence CO2 emissions; high inertinite contents increase CO2 emissions. Sulphur in coal reduces EF(CO2). Fuel analysis is very important when estimating greenhouse gas emissions and emission factors. In this preliminary study, based on the results of the fuel analysis, CO2 emission factors for coals and peat from Livno, B&H have been calculated. EF(CO2) is defined as the amount of carbon dioxide emission per unit net calorific values of the fuel. Net calorific value (the lower heating value) corresponds to the heat produced by combustion where total water in the combustion products exists as water vapour. The EF(CO2) obtained for sub-bituminous coal, lignite and peat were: 98.7, 109.5, and 147.9 t TJ−1, respectively, which correspond to the following net calorific values: 20.6, 11.5 and 3.6 MJ kg−1. The heating value is generally known to increase with the increase in carbon content (this parameter is connected with the degree of coalification, coal age). The other indispensable parameters are hydrogen, which has a positive effect on the net calorific value, and oxygen and water which impact the net calorific value negatively. The differences in net calorific values can be explained in part by the difference of total moisture content among the different fuel types. The CO2 emission factors calculated in this study were compared with those of IPCC. A significant difference was observed for peat (39.5 %), followed by lignite (8.2 %) and sub-bituminous coal (4.3 %)

When linearity prevails over hierarchy in syntax

Hierarchical structure has been cherished as a grammatical universal. We use experimental methods to show where linear order is also a relevant syntactic relation. An identical methodology and design were used across six research sites on South Slavic languages. Experimental results show that in certain configurations, grammatical production can in fact favor linear order over hierarchical structure. However, these findings are limited to coordinate structures and distinct from the kind of production errors found with comparable configurations such as “attraction” errors. The results demonstrate that agreement morphology may be computed in a series of steps, one of which is partly independent from syntactic hierarchy

Conjunct Agreement and Gender in South Slavic: From Theory to Experiments to Theory

Agreement with coordinated subjects in Slavic languages has recently seen a rapid increase in theoretical and experimental approaches, contributing to a wider theoretical discussion on the locus of agreement in grammar (cf. Marušič, Nevins, and Saksida 2007; Bošković 2009; Marušič, Nevins, and Badecker 2015). This paper revisits the theoretical predictions proposed for conjunction agreement in a group of South Slavic languages, with a special focus on gender agreement. The paper is based on two experiments involving speakers of Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS) and Slovenian (Sln). Experiment 1 is an elicited production experiment investigating preverbal-conjunct agreement, while Experiment 2 investigates postverbal-conjunct agreement. The data provide experimental evidence discriminating between syntax proper and distributed-agreement models in terms of their ability to account for preverbal highest-conjunct agreement and present a theoretical mechanism for the distinction between default agreement (which has a fixed number and gender, independent of the value of each conjunct) and resolved agreement (which computes number and gender based on the values of each conjunct and must resolve potential conflicts). Focusing on the variability in the gender-agreement ratio across nine combinations, the experimental results for BCS and Sln morphosyntax challenge the notion of gender markedness that is generally posited for South Slavic languages