Euskalherriko atlas etnolinguistikoa deritzan lanari ohar batzuk

Reseña bibliográfica de Euskalherriko atlas etnolinguistikoa deritzan lanari ohar batzu

Crecimiento, desarrollo, integración social y prácticas de crianza en niños que viven con sus madres en prisión

La prisión se considera un medioambiente de muy alto riesgo, pero hay muy escasa información sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo (C y D) de los niños que viven allí. Con el objetivo de evaluarlo, se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en 68 niños que vivían con sus 66 madres en la Unidad Penitenciaria 31, de Ezeiza (a 30 km de la ciudad de Buenos Aires). Métodos. Se midió el peso, la estatura, se administró la PRUNAPE (para pesquisa de trastornos inaparentes del desarrollo), se midió el cociente de desarrollo (Cats Clams), y el grado de conflictos emocionales (prueba SQE). Resultados. El intervalo etario de las madres fue 18-45 años, mediana 23,5 a. El tiempo de estadía de los niños varió entre 0,05 a 3,95 meses. La media ± error estándar (EE) del puntaje “Z” de la longitud corporal fue de -0,30 ± 0,12; peso 0,40 ± 0,12; índice de masa corporal (IMC) 0,91 ± 0,18; perímetro cefálico 0,19 ± 0,14, y cociente de desarrollo 92,4 ± 1,7. El peso medio de nacimiento fue normal, y 7 niños de 67 no pasaron la PRUNAPE, una proporción menor que el 19,3% encontrado en centros de salud de San Isidro. Se halló un alto porcentaje (39%) de niños con trastornos emocionales, y de madres con puntajes bajos en pautas de crianza comparados al de madres que viven en sus casas en La Plata. Conclusiones. Los niños tienen menor estatura y mayor IMC que los de referencia. El 39% presenta trastornos emocionales. Los conocimientos de pautas de crianza de las madres son menores que los de madres de La Plata.Prisons are considered a very high risk environment, but there is very scarce scientific information on the growth and development of children who live there. Objective. With the purpose of evaluating growth and development of children living with their mothers in prison, a cross sectional survey was performed in 68 children aged 0-3 years in Unit 31, a prison for mothers with children located at 30 km from Buenos Aires. Methods. Weight, supine length, and developmental quotient (Cats Clams) was measured, PRUNAPE, and SQE-SE test were administered (screening tests for detecting developmental and emotional disorders, respectively). Mother´s child rearing practices were assessed with a previously standardized questionnaire. Results. Age range of mothers was 18-46 years, median 23.5 yr. Duration of stay in prison of children was 0.05-35 months. Mean ± standard error of “Z” score for height was -0.30 ± 0.12, weight 0.40 ± 0.12; body mass index 0.91 ± 0.18; head circumference 0.19 ± 0.14; and developmental quotient 92.4 ± 1.7. There were only 7 children out of 67 who failed the PRUNAPE. Mean Cats Clams developmental score was 91.3. ASQ-SE test showed high prevalence (39%) of emotional and social integration problems. Mother´s knowledge about child rearing practices was poorer than that found in a normal urban local population. There were no trends for results to be related to the length of stay in prison. Conclusion. Children are shorter and with higher BMI than reference. Emotional disorders are frequent (39%). Mother’s knowledge about child care was poorer than that found in a near population. A program for longitudinal surveillance for all prisons in the country was proposed to the authorities

Three essays in managerial cognition and strategic decision making

Little is known about how managers select risky strategic actions such as the introduction of innovations, engagement in alliances, mergers, or any other strategic choice (Simon and Houghton, 2003). While the importance of firm’s strategic processes has been acknowledged both theoretically and empirically, few efforts have been committed to understanding the decision paths through which managers select such risky actions and how they affect performance. Variables related to the decision-making process, such as the type of information utilized in decision-making, and the rules for processing information have been downplayed as determinants of organizational outcomes. Decision theory has analyzed these variables mainly through neoclassical theories emphasizing rationality of agents. In the last decades, descriptive behavioral theories assuming bounded rationality of agents have surged to tackle these variables in order to explain risky actions, though little of this research deals directly with strategic management issues. In the specific case of innovation, while most studies exploring the determinants of innovative performance have looked at organizational structures, resources and environmental characteristics, only a few studies have emphasized the influence decision making strategies on firm innovation (Simon and Houghton, 2003). Moreover, this kind of studies have focused on individual-level characteristics of key decision makers (e.g. upper echelons) as variables affecting innovation, such as age, educational background, and other socio-demographic characteristics. However, the effect of cognitive processes on firm innovation has been generally overlooked up to date. The general lack of attention to cognitive aspects is reflected in many studies which implicitly state that decision makers are homogeneous inputs and perfect substitutes for one another taking part in the organization process. However, this neoclassical view fails to explain why organizations with similar resources, and facing similar economic environments, make significantly different decisions. Managers not only depart from the principles of classical decision theory, but are also subject to different judgmental biases when making decisions under uncertainty (March and Shapira, 1987; Hogarth, 1987). During the strategic decision-making process, managers look upon organizational and environmental factors as a base for their decisions, and act as filtering mechanisms interpreting data through their particular cognitive mechanisms. Therefore, identifying the differences in cognitive processes of managers may help explain the differences in their decisions to innovate. In line with behavioral decision research (Hogarth, 1987; Kahneman, 2003) and other behavioral studies of organizational decision-making (Cyert and March, 1963; March and Shapira, 1987; Levinthal and March, 1993) I intend to examine the decision-making process followed by organizations by exploring the cognitive processes they follow when making strategic decisions in general. The present study will focus on the literature on heuristics and cognitive biases, and on decision making styles. Heuristics are habitual simplifying strategies, or “rules of thumb”, which people commonly use to reduce the amount of information they must consider in decision-making. Cognitive biases are systematic errors of judgment that lead to cognitive illusions which are not easily eliminated. The literature on behavioral decision-making has also recognized two fundamental styles of thinking and deciding: an analytical mode and a non-analytical mode (Kahneman, 2003). Decisions made with the analytical mode undergo computation, consultation, or evaluation of analytical data. Non-analytical decisions are intuitive, and do not make use of exhaustive data processing, and rely on heuristics, impressions, and associative or emotional tools (Kahneman, 2003). These different styles are suitable for particularly different decision environments, and exploring which one is more suitable for strategic decision processes regarding innovation is an open avenue for research. The central contention of this thesis is that it is essential to understand non-rational1 decision-making in order to understand why different cognitive processes may lead to different organizational decisions, behaviors and performances. I attempt to address this central theme through three essays, each one focusing on a different question and adopting a different methodology.Esta tesis doctoral intenta contribuir a la respuesta de la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cómo afectan las diferencias en la toma de decisiones al desempeño de las organizaciones? Al mismo tiempo, explora las diferentes fuentes de información y conocimiento que utilizan las empresas para tomar decisiones bajo incertidumbre y estudia como la adopción de diferentes fuentes de información puede afectar el comportamiento de las organizaciones. La tesis se divide en tres capítulos independientes y se utilizan tres metodologías diferente

Notes on Formal Constructivism

Our aim is to sketch some ideas related to how we (as in, we two) think we (as in, we humans) think. That theory is useless. It isn\u27t even wrong. - Wolfgang Pauli. Our hope in this paper is to provide a theory, admittedly somewhat vague, of how we think about mathematics. We also hope our ideas do not cause the reader to be reminded of Pauli\u27s quote above. These notes were motivated by the interesting book by Changeaux and Connes