Higher-order organisation of extremely amplified, potentially functional and massively methylated 5S rDNA in European pikes (Esox sp.)

Background Pikes represent an important genus (Esox) harbouring a pre-duplication karyotype (2n = 2x = 50) of economically important salmonid pseudopolyploids. Here, we have characterized the 5S ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) in Esox lucius and its closely related E. cisalpinus using cytogenetic, molecular and genomic approaches. Intragenomic homogeneity and copy number estimation was carried out using Illumina reads. The higher-order structure of rDNA arrays was investigated by the analysis of long PacBio reads. Position of loci on chromosomes was determined by FISH. DNA methylation was analysed by methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes. Results The 5S rDNA loci occupy exclusively (peri)centromeric regions on 30-38 acrocentric chromosomes in both E. lucius and E. cisalpinus. The large number of loci is accompanied by extreme amplification of genes (>20,000 copies), which is to the best of our knowledge one of the highest copy number of rRNA genes in animals ever reported. Conserved secondary structures of predicted 5S rRNAs indicate that most of the amplified genes are potentially functional. Only few SNPs were found in genic regions indicating their high homogeneity while intergenic spacers were more heterogeneous and several families were identified. Analysis of 10-30 kb-long molecules sequenced by the PacBio technology (containing about 40% of total 5S rDNA) revealed that the vast majority (96%) of genes are organised in large several kilobase-long blocks. Dispersed genes or short tandems were less common (4%). The adjacent 5S blocks were directly linked, separated by intervening DNA and even inverted. The 5S units differing in the intergenic spacers formed both homogeneous and heterogeneous (mixed) blocks indicating variable degree of homogenisation between the loci. Both E. lucius and E. cisalpinus 5S rDNA was heavily methylated at CG dinucleotides. Conclusions Extreme amplification of 5S rRNA genes in the Esox genome occurred in the absence of significant pseudogenisation suggesting its recent origin and/or intensive homogenisation processes. The dense methylation of units indicates that powerful epigenetic mechanisms have evolved in this group of fish to silence amplified genes. We discuss how the higher-order repeat structures impact on homogenisation of 5S rDNA in the genome

Higher-order organisation of extremely amplified, potentially functional and massively methylated 5S rDNA in European pikes (Esox sp.)

16 p., tablas, ilustraciones[Background] Pikes represent an important genus (Esox) harbouring a pre-duplication karyotype (2n = 2x = 50) of economically important salmonid pseudopolyploids. Here, we have characterized the 5S ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) in Esox lucius and its closely related E. cisalpinus using cytogenetic, molecular and genomic approaches. Intragenomic homogeneity and copy number estimation was carried out using Illumina reads. The higher-order structure of rDNA arrays was investigated by the analysis of long PacBio reads. Position of loci on chromosomes was determined by FISH. DNA methylation was analysed by methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes.[Results] The 5S rDNA loci occupy exclusively (peri)centromeric regions on 30–38 acrocentric chromosomes in both E. lucius and E. cisalpinus. The large number of loci is accompanied by extreme amplification of genes (>20,000 copies), which is to the best of our knowledge one of the highest copy number of rRNA genes in animals ever reported. Conserved secondary structures of predicted 5S rRNAs indicate that most of the amplified genes are potentially functional. Only few SNPs were found in genic regions indicating their high homogeneity while intergenic spacers were more heterogeneous and several families were identified. Analysis of 10–30 kb-long molecules sequenced by the PacBio technology (containing about 40% of total 5S rDNA) revealed that the vast majority (96%) of genes are organised in large several kilobase-long blocks. Dispersed genes or short tandems were less common (4%). The adjacent 5S blocks were directly linked, separated by intervening DNA and even inverted. The 5S units differing in the intergenic spacers formed both homogeneous and heterogeneous (mixed) blocks indicating variable degree of homogenisation between the loci. Both E. lucius and E. cisalpinus 5S rDNA was heavily methylated at CG dinucleotides.[Conclusions] Extreme amplification of 5S rRNA genes in the Esox genome occurred in the absence of significant pseudogenisation suggesting its recent origin and/or intensive homogenisation processes. The dense methylation of units indicates that powerful epigenetic mechanisms have evolved in this group of fish to silence amplified genes. We discuss how the higher-order repeat structures impact on homogenisation of 5S rDNA in the genome.This study was supported by a young researchers fellowship (NWF15/BIO-7) of the University of Innsbruck, Austria to RS (design of the study, sample collection, cytogenetic analysis, writing the manuscript); the Czech Science Foundation projects P501/12/G090 to AK (design of the study, epigenetic analysis, bioinformatics procedures, writing the manuscript) and 14-02940S to RS and ŠP (sample collection, DNA isolation); a project financed by University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland (No. 18.610.003-300) to KO (writing the manuscript, cytogenetic analysis) and a project from the government of Spain (CGL2016-75694-P) to SG (genomic data analysis, manuscript editing).Peer reviewe

Sexually dimorphic transcription of estrogen receptors in cod gonads throughout a reproductive cycle

Author's accepted version (post-print).This manuscript has been accepted for publication in Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, but the version presented here has not yet been copy-edited, formatted or proofed. Consequently, BioScientifica accepts no responsibility for any errors or omissions it may contain. The definitive version is now freely available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/JME-13-0187, 2014.The role of sex steroid regulation in gonadal maturation is a very complex process that is far from being fully understood. Hence, we have investigated seasonal changes in gonadal expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.), a batch spawner, throughout annual reproductive cycle. Three nuclear ER partial cDNA sequences (esr1, esr2a and esr2b) were cloned and all esr transcripts were detected mainly in liver and gonads of either sex. In situ hybridization of esrs along with germ cell (vasa) and gonadal somatic cell markers (gsdf, 3β-hsd and amh for testicular, or gsdf for ovarian somatic cells) showed that in testis all three esrs were preferentially localized within interstitial fibroblasts composed of immature and mature Leydig cells, whereas in ovary they were differentially expressed in both follicular cells and oocytes. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed a sexually dimorphic expression pattern of the three esr paralogues in testis and ovary. A significant increase in esr2a expression was identified in testis and esr2b in ovary, whereas esr1 transcripts were elevated in both testis and ovary at February and March prior to the spawning period. The localization and sexually dimorphic expression of esr genes in gonads suggest a direct function of estrogen via ERs in gonadal somatic cell growth and differentiation for Leydig cell in testis and follicular cells in ovary throughout the annual reproductive cycle in Atlantic cod

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of the crucian carp, Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Teleostei, Cyprinidae), using chromosome staining and fluorescence in situ hybridisation with rDNA probes

The crucian carp Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) is a species with restricted and decreasing distribution in Europe. Six males and six females of the species from the Baltic Sea basin in Poland were examined to show sequentially CMA3/AgNO3 staining pattern, DAPI staining, and, for the first time in literature, molecular cytogenetic analysis using double-colour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with 28S and 5S rDNA probes. The karyotype consisted of 20 m, 36 sm and 44 sta chromosomes, NF=156. The AgNO3 stained NORs were most frequently located terminally in the short arms of two sm and two sta elements, and CMA3-positive sites were also observed suggesting abundant GC-rich repetitive DNA in the regions. Other CMA3-positive sites in the short arms of six to ten sm and sta chromosomes were detected. The results based on 28S rDNA FISH confirmed the location of rDNA sites. DAPI-negative staining of NORs suggested the scarcity of AT-rich DNA in the regions. FISH with 5S rDNA probe revealed 8–14 loci (ten and 12 in respectively 49 and 29% of metaphases). They were located in two sm and eight to ten sta chromosomes and six of them were larger than others. Simultaneously, mapping of the two rDNA families on the chromosomes of C. carassius revealed that both 28S and 5S rDNA probes were located in different chromosomes. Molecular cytogenetic data of C. carassius presented here for the first time give an important insight into the structure of chromosomes of this polyploid and declining species and may be useful in its systematics

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of the crucian carp, Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Teleostei, Cyprinidae), using chromosome staining and fluorescence in situ hybridisation with rDNA probes

The crucian carp Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) is a species with restricted and decreasing distribution in Europe. Six males and six females of the species from the Baltic Sea basin in Poland were examined to show sequentially CMA3/AgNO3 staining pattern, DAPI staining, and, for the first time in literature, molecular cytogenetic analysis using double-colour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with 28S and 5S rDNA probes. The karyotype consisted of 20 m, 36 sm and 44 sta chromosomes, NF=156. The AgNO3 stained NORs were most frequently located terminally in the short arms of two sm and two sta elements, and CMA3-positive sites were also observed suggesting abundant GC-rich repetitive DNA in the regions. Other CMA3-positive sites in the short arms of six to ten sm and sta chromosomes were detected. The results based on 28S rDNA FISH confirmed the location of rDNA sites. DAPI-negative staining of NORs suggested the scarcity of AT-rich DNA in the regions. FISH with 5S rDNA probe revealed 8–14 loci (ten and 12 in respectively 49 and 29% of metaphases). They were located in two sm and eight to ten sta chromosomes and six of them were larger than others. Simultaneously, mapping of the two rDNA families on the chromosomes of C. carassius revealed that both 28S and 5S rDNA probes were located in different chromosomes. Molecular cytogenetic data of C. carassius presented here for the first time give an important insight into the structure of chromosomes of this polyploid and declining species and may be useful in its systematics

World Cup FIFA 2018: the prospects for expectations and the effects of heritage of sports mega-events : materials of the international scientifically-practical Conference. Ekaterinburg, 2017, March, 2–4

В сборнике представлены научные статьи и тезисы выступлений по актуальным проблемам, возникающим в связи с подготовкой к чемпионату мира по футболу FIFA – 2018 в Екатеринбурге и России в целом. Представлены исследования городской инфраструктуры, подготовки футболистов, волонтеров, кадров к чемпионату и в целом для сферы физической культуры и спорта, изменения в социальном пространстве, связанные с проведением чемпионата мира в России. Сборник адресован специалистам, задействованным в подготовке и проведении чемпионата, тренерам, работникам и руководителям сферы физической культуры, спорта, государственной молодежной политики, общественных организаций и некоммерческих объединений, студентам и аспирантам направлений подготовки «Физическая культура», «Организация работы с молодежью», «Сервис и туризм».The collection contains scientific articles and abstracts of presentations on topical issues arising in connection with the preparations for the FIFA World Cup 2018 in Ekaterinburg and Russia as a whole. Presented study of urban infrastructure, training personnel, volunteers, players for the Championship and for the sphere of physical culture and sport, social space, changes related to the World Cup in Russia. Collection is addressed to professionals involved in the preparation and conduct of a Championship, coaches, employees and managers of the sphere of physical culture, sport and youth policy, public organizations and non-profit associations, students and post-graduate students training directions «physical culture», «Organization of work with youth», «Service and tourism».СОСТАВ ПРОГРАММНОГО КОМИТЕТА. [10]. ПРИВЕТСТВИЯ. [12]. Стукалов А. Н. РАЗВИТИЕ И ПОПУЛЯРИЗАЦИЯ СТУДЕНЧЕСКОГО ФУТБОЛА: СОЦИАЛЬНЫЙ АСПЕКТ ПРОГРАММЫ НАСЛЕДИЯ ЧЕМПИОНАТА МИРА ПО ФУТБОЛУ – 2018. [16]. Фитина Л. Н. О НАСЛЕДИИ ЧЕМПИОНАТА МИРА ПО ФУТБОЛУ FIFA 2018 ГОДА В РОССИИ: ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ТРЕНИРОВОЧНЫХ ПЛОЩАДОК В ПОСТСОРЕВНОВАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПЕРИОД. [20]. Нанака Ю. В. МОДЕРНИЗАЦИЯ СПОРТИВНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ ЕКАТЕРИНБУРГА К ЧЕМПИОНАТУ МИРА ПО ФУТБОЛУ FIFA 2018 ГОДА. [26]. Серова Н. Б., Буркова А. М., Гайл В. В., Тропина Л. К. ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВА ПОДГОТОВКИ КАДРОВ ДЛЯ СФЕРЫ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ И СПОРТА В УСЛОВИЯХ УРАЛЬСКОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА. [29]. Акаткина Т. В., Белов А. А. ОСНОВА ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ КОМАНДЫ БЛОКА ОТБОРА ВОЛОНТЕРСКОГО ЦЕНТРА ЧЕМПИОНАТА МИРА ПО ФУТБОЛУ FIFA-2018 В РОССИИ, СОЗДАННОГО НА БАЗЕ УРАЛЬСКОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА ИМ. ПЕРВОГО ПРЕЗИДЕНТА РОССИИ Б.Н. ЕЛЬЦИНА. [38]. Акиев А. Г., Кондратович С. В. ОСОБЕННОСТИ МОТОРНЫХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК СПОРТСМЕНОВ-ФУТБОЛИСТОВ 11–12 ЛЕТ И УСПЕШНОСТЬ В РЕАЛИЗУЕМОЙ ДВИГАТЕЛЬНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ. [41]. Анисимков А. А., Платунова Е. А., Хорова П. А. К ВОПРОСУ О РОЛИ МАССОВЫХ СПОРТИВНЫХ МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ ПРИ УСТАНОВЛЕНИИ МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНОГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ. [46]. Банников C. Е., Кашкаров А. К. НОВЫЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННЫЕ ФОРМЫ СТУДЕНЧЕСКОГО ФУТБОЛА. [50] Беляева М. А., Самкова В. А. ЕКАТЕРИНБУРГ В ЗЕРКАЛЕ И(СЕТИ): ИМИДЖ НОВОГО ГОРОДА. [53]. Берсенева Е. В., Белов А. А. 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