Efficient assessment for using qualified personnel in the economy

The work analyzed the country's gross domestic product (GDP) dependence on the level of education of the employed population in the economy and the development of the institutional environment. The study was conducted by a comparative analysis of selected countries of the OECD, the Russian Federation and Brazil on the ratio of Gross Domestic Product per person of the employable population to the proportion of population in the cohort under consideration with higher and secondary vocational education. These indicators of the efficiency of the use of skilled personnel in the economy correlate to the level of institutional environment development. The study shows that an increase in the proportion of the educated population in working age alone does not lead to an adequate or expected increase in GDP. The effect is highly dependent on the level of institutional environment development that imposes on this process the natural limitations expressed in the limited needs of the society in qualified personnel. With the example of countries divided into groups according to efficiency indicator, it is shown that in each group the efficiency of the use of skilled personnel varies. The article gives the examples of countries where there is an imbalance in the number of skilled professionals. This imbalance occurs between the needs of the economy, the actual number and professionals being prepared. The most summarized outcome of the study is the conclusion that GDP growth by raising the educational level of the employed population, is not being addressed by increasing the number of skilled personnel in the economy. The increase in their number is a natural response to the needs of society. These needs, in turn, are largely shaped by the impact of the institutional environment.peer-reviewe

Professional Training of Future Green Economy Specialists and Strategic Priorities for Sustainable Subsurface Management

AbstractOn the brink of the third millennium humanity has been showing a special interest in the environment. This article provides definitions of the term “sustainable development” and explains how to achieve it by implementing the new development model known as “the green economy”; it also shows the role and place of education in the overall set of tools and mechanisms that assist in transitioning to the green economy principles. The authors substantiate the importance and necessity of preparing specialists for the green economy as the first step towards its implementation. They give an example of an interdisciplinary training module designed to prepare future specialists. This module can easily be integrated in the student's individual training course. We describe the advantages and benefits of the suggested educational module

Дослідження хімічної природи та поверхневих властивостей дисперсних наповнювачів рослинного походження

Chemical nature and surface properties of plant disperse fillers are investigated: buckwheat (BH) and oat (OH) husk, wood (WF) and conifer flour (CF). Using IR spectroscopy, it was found that oxygen-containing atomic groups –OH, –C–O–, –C=O prevail in the filler components. It was found that a hydroxyl-hydrate layer of functional groups is present on the surface of air-dry fillers. By potentiometric titration of aqueous suspensions using the Parks–Bobyrenko method, it was determined that all fillers are of the «polyfunctional solid» type. It is shown that the hydroxyl-hydrate surface layer consists of functional groups with similar values of acid-base characteristics. Functional groups of acidic nature were additionally found on the surface of the fillers: groups with pKa≈4.37−5.66 on the BH surface, groups with pKa≈4.49−4.90 on the CF surface and groups with pKa≈3.91−4.30 on the WF surface. As a result of potentiometric titration, it was shown that the surface acidity of the fillers decreases in the WF>CF>BH>ОH series, which coincides with the one in which the total cellulose and lignin content decreases, and the resistance of fillers to thermal-oxidative breakdown increases. It was found that the rate of hydrolytic processes in aqueous suspensions at the interface decreases in the ОH>CF>BH>WF series and inversely depends on the concentration of functional groups on the surface of the fillers, and also that the change in the rate of hydrolytic processes at the interface depending on the content of fillers is described by step functions. It is revealed that for the effective use of the studied disperse waste in composite materials and as adsorbents for the extraction of pollutants, dispersion media with the following ranges of the hydrogen index are required: for BH − pH>4.4; OH − pH>6.4; WF − pH>3.9; CF − pH>4.5. The results obtained make it possible to predict and control acid-base interfacial interactions, as well as reasonably approach the development of new effective technologiesИсследованы химическая природа и поверхностные свойства дисперсных наполнителей растительного происхождения: гречневой (ГШ) и овсяной (ОШ) шелухи, древесной (ДМ) и хвойной муки (ХМ). Методом ИК-спектроскопии установлено, что в составе компонентов наполнителей преобладают кислородсодержащие атомные группы –ОН, −С−О−, −С=O. Обнаружено, что на поверхности воздушно-сухих наполнителей присутствует гидроксильно-гидратный слой функциональных групп. Методом потенциометрического титрования водных суспензий по способу Паркса – Бобыренко установлено, что все наполнители относятся к типу «полифункциональное твердое тело». Показано, что гидроксильно-гидратный поверхностный слой состоит из функциональных групп с близкими значениями кислотно-основных характеристик. На поверхности наполнителей дополнительно обнаружены функциональные группы кислотного характера: на поверхности ГШ группы с pKa≈4,37−5,66, на поверхности ХМ группы с pKa≈4,49−4,90 и на поверхности ДМ группы с pKa≈3,91−4,30. В результате потенциометрического титрования показано, что кислотность поверхности наполнителей уменьшается в ряду ДМ>ХМ>ГШ>ОШ, который совпадает с рядом, в котором уменьшается суммарное содержание целлюлозы и лигнина, и увеличивается стойкость наполнителей к термоокислительной деструкции. Обнаружено, что скорость гидролитических процессов в водных суспензиях на границе раздела фаз уменьшается в ряду ОШ>ХМ>ГШ>ДМ и обратнопропорционально зависит от концентрации функциональных групп на поверхности наполнителей, а также, что изменение скорости гидролитических процессов на границе раздела фаз в зависимости от содержания наполнителей описывается степенными функциями. Установлено, что для эффективного применения исследуемых дисперсных отходов в композиционных материалах и в качестве адсорбентов для извлечения загрязнителей необходимы дисперсионные среды со следующими диапазонами водородного показателя: для ГЛ – рН>4,4; ВЛ − рН>6,4; ДБ − рН>3,9; БХ − рН>4,5. Полученные результаты позволяют прогнозировать и регулировать кислотно-основные межфазные взаимодействия, а также обоснованно подходить к разработке новых эффективных технологийДосліджено хімічну природу та поверхневі властивості дисперсних наповнювачів рослинного походження: гречаного (ГЛ) та вівсяного (ВЛ) лушпиння, деревного (ДБ) та хвойного (ХБ) борошна. Методом ІЧ-спектроскопії встановлено, що у складі компонентів наповнювачів переважають кисневмісні атомні групи –ОН, −С−О−, −С=O. Виявлено, що на поверхні повітряно-сухих наповнювачів присутній гідроксильно-гідратний шар функціональних груп. Методом потенціометричного титрування водних суспензій за способом Паркса – Бобиренка встановлено, що усі наповнювачі відносяться до типу «поліфункціональне тверде тіло». Показано, що гідроксильно-гідратний поверхневий шар складається з функціональних груп, які мають близькі величини кислотно-основних характеристик. На поверхні наповнювачів додатково виявлені функціональні групи кислотного характеру: на поверхні ГЛ групи з pKa≈4,37−5,66, на поверхні БХ групи з pKa≈4,49−4,90, а на поверхні ДБ групи з pKa≈3,91−4,30. В результаті потенціометричного титрування показано, що кислотність поверхні наповнювачів знижується у ряду ДБ>ХБ>ГЛ>ВЛ, який співпадає з рядом, в якому зменшується сумарний вміст целюлози і лігніну та зростає стійкість наповнювачів до термоокислювальної деструкції. Виявлено, що швидкість гідролітичних процесів у водних суспензіях на межі поділу фаз зменшується у ряду ВЛ>ХБ>ГЛ>ДБ та оберненопропорційно залежить від концентрації функціональних груп на поверхні наповнювачів, а також, що зміна швидкості гідролітичних процесів на межі поділу фаз в залежності від вмісту наповнювачів описується ступеневими функціями. Встановлено, що для ефективного застосування досліджуваних дисперсних відходів у композиційних матеріалах та в якості адсорбентів для вилучення забруднюючих речовин з рідин необхідні дисперсійні середовища з наступними діапазонами водневого показника: для ГЛ – рН>4,4; ВЛ − рН>6,4; ДБ − рН>3,9; БХ − рН>4,5. Отримані результати дозволяють прогнозувати та регулювати кислотно-основні міжфазні взаємодії, а також обґрунтовано підходити до розробки нових ефективних технологі

Human Brain/Cloud Interface

The Internet comprises a decentralized global system that serves humanity’s collective effort to generate, process, and store data, most of which is handled by the rapidly expanding cloud. A stable, secure, real-time system may allow for interfacing the cloud with the human brain. One promising strategy for enabling such a system, denoted here as a “human brain/cloud interface” (“B/CI”), would be based on technologies referred to here as “neuralnanorobotics.” Future neuralnanorobotics technologies are anticipated to facilitate accurate diagnoses and eventual cures for the ∼400 conditions that affect the human brain. Neuralnanorobotics may also enable a B/CI with controlled connectivity between neural activity and external data storage and processing, via the direct monitoring of the brain’s ∼86 × 109 neurons and ∼2 × 1014 synapses. Subsequent to navigating the human vasculature, three species of neuralnanorobots (endoneurobots, gliabots, and synaptobots) could traverse the blood–brain barrier (BBB), enter the brain parenchyma, ingress into individual human brain cells, and autoposition themselves at the axon initial segments of neurons (endoneurobots), within glial cells (gliabots), and in intimate proximity to synapses (synaptobots). They would then wirelessly transmit up to ∼6 × 1016 bits per second of synaptically processed and encoded human–brain electrical information via auxiliary nanorobotic fiber optics (30 cm3) with the capacity to handle up to 1018 bits/sec and provide rapid data transfer to a cloud based supercomputer for real-time brain-state monitoring and data extraction. A neuralnanorobotically enabled human B/CI might serve as a personalized conduit, allowing persons to obtain direct, instantaneous access to virtually any facet of cumulative human knowledge. Other anticipated applications include myriad opportunities to improve education, intelligence, entertainment, traveling, and other interactive experiences. A specialized application might be the capacity to engage in fully immersive experiential/sensory experiences, including what is referred to here as “transparent shadowing” (TS). Through TS, individuals might experience episodic segments of the lives of other willing participants (locally or remote) to, hopefully, encourage and inspire improved understanding and tolerance among all members of the human family

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

System of Strategic Priorities and Indicators of Ecologically Sustainable Subsoil Use

The system of strategic priorities and indicators of ecologically sustainable subsoil use is based on a fundamental basis - biotic regulation and it has a systematic character defined by conceptual, ideological, political and economic levels of management. It also possesses strict priorities and is based on interrelated ecological, economic and social factors, it reflects space-time dynamics of development and subsoil use. The indicators of ecologically sustainable subsoil use are indicators that characterize the change of natural, social and economic environment at different times; they provide qualitative and quantitative characteristic of subsoil use problem. The majority of existing sets of indicators of sustainable subsoil use doesn’t give a complete picture, is weakly connected with each other and no priorities are distinguished among them

System of Strategic Priorities and Indicators of Ecologically Sustainable Subsoil Use

The system of strategic priorities and indicators of ecologically sustainable subsoil use is based on a fundamental basis - biotic regulation and it has a systematic character defined by conceptual, ideological, political and economic levels of management. It also possesses strict priorities and is based on interrelated ecological, economic and social factors, it reflects space-time dynamics of development and subsoil use. The indicators of ecologically sustainable subsoil use are indicators that characterize the change of natural, social and economic environment at different times; they provide qualitative and quantitative characteristic of subsoil use problem. The majority of existing sets of indicators of sustainable subsoil use doesn’t give a complete picture, is weakly connected with each other and no priorities are distinguished among them

Network high-performance grinding devices for ferromagnetic materials

The design features of the grinding devices that implement the impact destruction of the ferromagnetic materials particles in a magneto vibrating layer formed in a non-uniform magnetic field are considered. It is shown that when a magnetizable powder is affected by an alternating magnetic field with certain parameters, a magneto vibrating layer is formed, under the conditions of which, a random perturbing factor occurs. It is caused by the dipole particles clusters interactions and provides highefficient finish powder grinding. Methods for producing metal powders, which are distinguished according to the operating principle and to the requirements for the technological properties of the powders obtained, are analyzed. For coarse grinding, jaw, roller and cone crushers and mullers are used; at this, particles of 1-10 mm in size, which are the source material for fine grinding, are obtained. The finish grinding of the material obtained is carried out on the ball rotating, vibrating or planar centrifugal, vortex and hammer mills. The main drawback of these techniques of metal powder grinding is sticking of grinding body residue on the powder particles, which reduces the quality and operational properties of the powder. A relation to calculate the dependence of the fineness number of ferromagnetic materials on the induction gradient of an external variable magnetic field is proposed. The design features of an electromagnetic mill based on a screw drum that, due to the spatial orientation of its walls, ensures an effective movement of powder flows inside it, such as mixing, rotation, oncoming movement, translational motion and simultaneous advancement through the drum are presented. The concept and technological options of grinding powders in an electromagnetic mobile hammer mill are revealed, which enables to obtain a powder of a given particle size distribution with high uniformity. It is established that mills in which a magneto vibrating layer is implemented are more effective than mechanical ones: grinding of ferromagnetic powders in a magneto vibrating layer increases drastically the performance of the grinding process. Changing the parameters of the electromagnetic field, you can set an average particle size and the degree of homogeneity of the powder