Assessment of Landscape Changes caused by Highway Construction: Case Study of Ruta del Canal Pargua Highway in Chile

The constructed infrastructure that has made cities more livable to their human inhabitants not always has benefited the overall ecosystems, which has leading to some fragile land covers being the most affected (i.e., grasslands, wetlands, etc.). In this article, it is analyzed the relationship between the natural landscape and the highway “Ruta del Canal Pargua” in Puerto Montt, Chile. A comparison was performed/implemented based on a Land Use Land Cover Change (LULCC) analysis from a year before the construction of the highway (2012) to the most updated available image (2021). Three field spots were selected to observe the wetland’s landscape visual qualities, landscape natural features, and road management (2022). The results showed that anthropic interventions have been continuing to transform the natural features of wetland’s landscape, especially the native roadside vegetation, and noise pollution. This change was promoted by the lack of management of the highway in its surroundings, and, by the intrusive LULCC. This paper also discusses the persistent lack of ecological management for highways in southern Chile and sparks the conversation about the necessity to include an ecological perspective in road infrastructure design in Chile that could be replicated in Latin America

Valoración del Paisaje como Potencial Recurso de Desarrollo Sustentable. Estudio de Caso en el sur de Chile

The importance of environmental management has positive effects in many areas such as economic, governance, tourism, welfare, etc. In first place, the research develops the statement of the problem. The second stage involves the conceptual framework, which consists of a number of remarkable authors suggesting state-of-the art data of the problem being treated. The third stage describes the current state of the environment, the cultural and economic development of the study area, which in this case is Maullín, located in the Region of Los Lagos, Chile. Finally, a number of strategies of landscape as an economic resource that creates social development and sustainable material is proposed

Ciclos de estabilidad, cambios y variables lentas-rápidas en el paisaje del Área Metropolitana de Concepción a partir de estudios de sistemas socio ecologicos: un análisis exploratorio

Landscapes can maximize their strengths in moments of stability by deeply developing their character and, thus, managing the pressures or disturbances behind slow and fast changes in the Socio-Ecological Systems (SES) to avoid their transformation. Fast variables explain short-term changes and violent rupture processes in stability/change cycles for natural disaster issues. On the other hand, slow variables explain long-term changes and more complex processes in stability/change cycles. The work below focused on studying the Concepción Metropolitan Area (AMC, in Spanish), Chile, which has undergone relevant changes throughout its history but has not been studied as an SES using its slow and fast variables. An exploratory literary review of 150 articles was made in scientific databases without using scientific support software, considering "Concepción" and "Concepción Metropolitan Area" as keywords. The main results highlight short-term phenomena cycles -fast variables- with a major impact, exemplified in natural disasters (earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, fires, and drought), changes in urban planning (urban plans and hygienism), as well as long-term phenomena -slow variables-, with more notable impacts in certain key areas, namely political (conquest and war between indigenous/Spanish/Chilean peoples), economic (boom/bust of business cycles) and environmental (wetland intervention, creation of different protection laws).Los paisajes son capaces de maximizar sus fortalezas en momentos de estabilidad al desarrollar de manera profunda su carácter y, así, manejar las presiones o disturbios que generan cambios en los Sistemas Socio Ecológicos (SSE) en sus variables lentas y rápidas para evitar su transformación. Las variables rápidas son aquellas que explican los cambios de corto plazo y procesos violentos de ruptura en los ciclos de estabilidad/cambio en las temáticas de desastres naturales. Por su parte, las variables lentas corresponden a aquellas que explican los cambios a largo plazo y procesos más complejos en los ciclos de estabilidad/cambio. El trabajo que sigue se abocó al estudio del Área Metropolitana de Concepción (AMC), Chile, la cual ha sufrido cambios relevantes a lo largo de su historia, pero no ha sido estudiada como un SSE en sus variables lentas y rápidas. De forma exploratoria, se realizó una revisión literaria de 150 artículos en las bases de datos científicas sin uso de software científico de apoyo, considerando como palabras claves “Concepción” y “Área Metropolitana de Concepción”. Como resultados principales, se destacan ciclos de fenómenos de corto plazo -variables rápidas- con gran impacto, ejemplificados en desastres naturales (terremotos, maremotos, inundaciones, incendios y sequía), y cambios en los planes de urbanismo (planes urbanos e higienismo), así como fenómenos de largo plazo -variables lentas-, con impactos más memorables en ciertas áreas clave: política (conquista y guerra entre indígenas/españoles/chilenos), economía (auge/caída de ciclos económicos) y medioambiente (intervención humedales, creación de diversas leyes de protección)

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

State-of-the-art in landscape designs and urban landscapes. a bibliographic review

El paisaje es el resultado de las experiencias sensoriales humanas, por lo cual muchas veces es muy difícil lograr una definición o conceptualización que esté aceptada por todos los profesionales que lo estudian. El paisaje como un recurso (in) valuable para el ser humano se inserta en un medio natural, el cual es una realidad empírica y material, pero a la vez es un hecho social. Dentro de los paisajes el paisaje más común de apreciar, pero el más complicado de estudiar es el paisaje urbano; ya que éste último posee una dinámica estructural cambiante e impredecible de acuerdo a la sociedad en donde se cobija. Si el espacio urbano está configurado por las relaciones sociales humanas, bajo los actuales paradigmas (pos) modernos y capitalistas estas relaciones y estos paisajes adquieren otras connotaciones. Es este estado del arte que pretende desarrollar el presente artículo a través de una revisión bibliográfica.The landscape is the result of human sensory experience, so it is often very difficult to get a definition or conceptualization that is accepted by all professionals who study it. The landscape as a resource (in) valuable to humans is inserted into a natural environment, which is an empirical reality and material, yet is a social fact. Within the landscape the landscape more common to see, but the hardest to study the urban landscape since the latter has a structural dynamic and unpredictable changing society according to which shelter. If urban space is shaped by human social relations under the current paradigm (post) modern capitalist these relationships and landscapes take on other connotations. This is the state of the art that aims to develop this article through a bibliographic revision

Analysis of landscape fragility from a gender perspective. Campus of Concepción, University of Concepción, Chile

Los paisajes son los espacios percibidos por los seres humanos que los habitan, es decir, no existe paisaje si no existe un observador o habitante del lugar. Estos espacios son percibidos de maneras diferentes de acuerdo a los distintos observadores/as y cómo son percibidos por éstos (plurisensorial). Además son influenciados por las características personales del observador, tales como su género, cultura, nivel educacional, experiencias personales, nivel socioeconómico, etc., por lo que se afirma que la percepción no es neutra, si no que está cargada de juicios de valor. No obstante lo anterior, la percepción de los paisajes es un elemento importante como objeto de estudio de la geografía cultural y otras ciencias sociales. El análisis de la calidad y fragilidad paisajística del campus Concepción de la Universidad de Concepción pretende ser un aporte a la preservación y recuperación de los paisajes patrimoniales tan característicos de la Universidad y la ciudad de Concepción.Landscapes are spaces perceived by human beings that live there, in other words, there is no landscape if there is no observer. These spaces are seen differently according to the viewer and the way they are perceived by them (multisensory). Besides they are influenced by personal characteristics of the observer, such as gender, culture, educational level, personal experiences, socioeconomic status, etc., therefore perception is not something neuter, but it is laden with value judgments. Nonetheless, perception of landscapes is an important element as an object of study of cultural geography and other social sciences. The analysis of quality and Landscape fragility of the campus Concepción, property of the University of Concepción, is intended to be a contribution to the preservation and restoration of heritage landscapes that are so characteristic of the University

Paisaje cultural y patrimonio: Fragilidad paisajística como propuesta de análisis del patrimonio y el paisaje

Un concepto articulador entre el patrimonio construido e inmaterial y el espacio habitado es el paisaje cultural, el cual es concebido por los habitantes de un territorio y construido socialmente. Algunos de los modelos de evaluación y gestión de paisajes, ambiente y patrimonio han sido propuestos en el presente artículo: Alfonso Garmendia, Luis Castelli, A. Muñoz- Pedreros, y finalmente, el Laboratorio del Paisaje Cultural Andaluz. Estos autores presentan sus métodos de evaluación y gestión de forma sencilla y para proyectos de diversos alcances. La autora además presenta el estudio que se realizó anteriormente sobre la fragilidad paisajística en la ciudad universitaria de Concepción, Chile. Este es un estudio que muestra cómo se puede estudiar el patrimonio a través del paisaje, y su fragilidad, es decir, cuán importante es para una sociedad este tipo de lugares, artefactos y espacios construidos

Análisis de fragilidad paisajística desde una perspectiva de género. Campus Concepción, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.

Landscapes are spaces perceived by human beings that live there, in other words, there is no landscape if there is no observer. These spaces are seen differently according to the viewer and the way they are perceived by them (multisensory). Besides they are influenced by personal characteristics of the observer, such as gender, culture, educational level, personal experiences, socioeconomic status, etc., therefore perception is not something neuter, but it is laden with value judgments. Nonetheless, perception of landscapes is an important element as an object of study of cultural geography and other social sciences. The analysis of quality and Landscape fragility of the campus Concepción, property of the University of Concepción, is intended to be a contribution to the preservation and restoration of heritage landscapes that are so characteristic of the University.Los paisajes son los espacios percibidos por los seres humanos que los habitan, es decir, no existe paisaje si no existe un observador o habitante del lugar. Estos espacios son percibidos de maneras diferentes de acuerdo a los distintos observadores/as y cómo son percibidos por éstos (plurisensorial). Además son influenciados por las características personales del observador, tales como su género, cultura, nivel educacional, experiencias personales, nivel socioeconómico, etc., por lo que se afirma que la percepción no es neutra, si no que está cargada de juicios de valor. No obstante lo anterior, la percepción de los paisajes es un elemento importante como objeto de estudio de la geografía cultural y otras ciencias sociales. El análisis de la calidad y fragilidad paisajística del campus Concepción de la Universidad de Concepción pretende ser un aporte a la preservación y recuperación de los paisajes patrimoniales tan característicos de la Universidad y la ciudad de Concepción

Estado del arte en las conceptualizaciones del paisaje y el paisaje urbano. Una revisión bibliográfica.

The landscape is the result of human sensory experience, so it is often very difficult to get a definition or conceptualization that is accepted by all professionals who study it. The landscape as a resource (in) valuable to humans is inserted into a natural environment, which is an empirical reality and material, yet is a social fact. Within the landscape the landscape more common to see, but the hardest to study the urban landscape since the latter has a structural dynamic and unpredictable changing society according to which shelter. If urban space is shaped by human social relations under the current paradigm (post) modern capitalist these relationships and landscapes take on other connotations. This is the state of the art that aims to develop this article through a bibliographic revision.El paisaje es el resultado de las experiencias sensoriales humanas, por lo cual muchas veces es muy difícil lograr una definición o conceptualización que esté aceptada por todos los profesionales que lo estudian. El paisaje como un recurso (in) valuable para el ser humano se inserta en un medio natural, el cual es una realidad empírica y material, pero a la vez es un hecho social. Dentro de los paisajes el paisaje más común de apreciar, pero el más complicado de estudiar es el paisaje urbano; ya que éste último posee una dinámica estructural cambiante e impredecible de acuerdo a la sociedad en donde se cobija. Si el espacio urbano está configurado por las relaciones sociales humanas, bajo los actuales paradigmas (pos) modernos y capitalistas estas relaciones y estos paisajes adquieren otras connotaciones. Es este estado del arte que pretende desarrollar el presente artículo a través de una revisión bibliográfica

Cultural landscape and heritage: Landscape fragility as a proposal for the analysis of heritage and landscape

Cultural landscape is a linking concept between built and intangible heritage and living space. It is conceived by the inhabitants of a territory and socially constructed. This article reviews some of the proposed models of evaluation and management of landscapes, environment and heritage (Alfonso Garmendia, Luis Castelli, A. Muñoz-Pedreros and Laboratorio del Paisaje Cultural Andaluz). Their methods of evaluation and management, which are formulated simply and for projects with diverse scopes, are considered to be articulators between the notions of heritage and landscape. The author also presents a previous study on landscape fragility in the main campus of the University of Concepción (UDEC), Chile, that shows how heritage can be studied through landscape and its fragility, that is to say, how important such places, artifacts and built spaces are for a society.Un concepto articulador entre el patrimonio construido e inmaterial y el espacio habitado es el paisaje cultural, el cual es concebido por los habitantes de un territorio y construido socialmente. Algunos de los modelos de evaluación y gestión de paisajes, ambiente y patrimonio han sido propuestos en el presente artículo: Alfonso Garmendia, Luis Castelli, A. Muñoz- Pedreros, y finalmente, el Laboratorio del Paisaje Cultural Andaluz. Estos autores presentan sus métodos de evaluación y gestión de forma sencilla y para proyectos de diversos alcances. La autora además presenta el estudio que se realizó anteriormente sobre la fragilidad paisajística en la ciudad universitaria de Concepción, Chile. Este es un estudio que muestra cómo se puede estudiar el patrimonio a través del paisaje, y su fragilidad, es decir, cuán importante es para una sociedad este tipo de lugares, artefactos y espacios construidos