Learning about water & matter: a first experience with the SMILE approach

Also available in Chinese.published_or_final_versionIntroducing SMILE Law, Nancy Law, Nancy 1Preface Law, Nancy Law, NancyAcknowledgements Law, Nancy Law, NancyStudents learning experiences & outcomes from SMILE 22Teachers' experiences with SMILE Lo, M.L. Lo, M.L. Yung, B.H.W. Yung, B.H.W. 0Experiencing SMILE through water & matter Law, Nancy Law, Nancy 6Curriculum materials for the 'matter' module 74About the editors and the SMILE groupCurriculum materials for the 'water' module 3

The Second International Information Technology in Education Study: Hong Kong SAR report

Summary in Chinese.published_or_final_versionHardware 37Research and Evaluation 121Home & Community Support 121School Policies and Organizational Support 120Staff Development 119Physical, Technological and Information Infrastructure 118Curriculum 118Summary 114Sources of Knowledge and Help 110Students' Perceived Need For Further Training 110Internet Activities 108Students Computer Usage 101Integrating ICT Into Curriculum 107Students' Self-proclaimed Competence in Using computers 106Summary 105Home Ownership and the School Curriculum 105Home Ownership and Self-proclaimed Competence 103Ownership of Peripherals 100Internet Access At Home 99Home Ownership of Computers 97Reference 96Summary 96Problems Perceived By Principles, Teachers and Students Related to Organizational Support 94Further Analysis About Attitudes and Beliefs of School Principals, Teachers and Students 87Organization of ICT Coordination in Schools 85Administrative Use of Computers 83Regulation of Computer-related and Internet Activities 82Principals' and Teachers Views On the General Curriculum Goals or ICT Implementations At the School Level - a Common Vision? 79Explicit Goals and Policies 77References 76Summary 76Computer Usage By Teachers 75Sources of Assistance When Difficulties Arise 74Major Sources of ICT Knowledge 74Ways of ICT Knowledge Transfer 73Needs and Opportunities in Staff Development As Perceived By Teachers 70Self-reported Competence of Teachers 67Self-reported Competence of Technology Coordinators 66Policies With Regard to Staff Development and Its Realization 62Problems With Staff Readiness and Staff Development 61Availability of ICT Training Courses 58Introduction 58References 56Obstacles Encountered During ICT Implementation 54ICT-related Learning Opportunities 50Communication Facilities 47Software 43The Technology Infrastructure 37References 36Summary 36ICT-related Learning Outcome Expectations 32Realization of Pedagogical Practice Goals Through ICT 29Pedagogical Practice Paradigm 25ICT-related Instructional Objectives 21Introduction 19References 18Instrumentation 15Population and Sampling 13Indicators 11Conceptual Framework 10ICT Use in Education and the Emerging Paradigm 9References 8Organization of the Report 8Organization and Funding of Sites Module 1 6The Aims and Main Components of Sites 5The IEA and International Studies 4Developments in Hong Kong 2International Context 1Ch.9 RecommendationsCh.8 Competence and Personal Use of ComputersCh.7 Home Ownership and Access to ICTCh.6 Policies and Attitudes At the School LevelCh.5 Staff DevelopmentCh.4 The Technology InfrastructureCh.3 Curriculum Goals, Expectations and PracticesCh.2 Research Framework and DesignCh.1 Background of the StudyExecutive Summary iAcknowledgement

Eliciting and understanding commonsense reasoning about motion.

The focus of the present research is on children's commonsense reasoning in mechanics. The important effect of pre-instructional ideas on children's learning is now widely recognised and much effort has gone into investigating what these ideas are like in various domain areas in science in the past few years. Early researches in this area have provided us with a comprehensive catalog of phenomenological descriptions of various aspects of children's reasoning about forces and motion. A related line of research has grown over recent years, which attempts to probe into whether there are deeper explanations underlying these misconceptions. If we take scientific theories and commonsense reasoning as two ends of a dichotomy, then early researches in this field have predominantly started from the scientific end, looking towards the intuitive end, trying to find out where the intuitive ideas go astray. To look for deeper levels of analysis, some have since turned to looking from the opposite end, trying to take children's ideas seriously, in their own right and not as a distortion of the scientific view. This latter perspective is the one taken by the present research and is believed to be appropriate if an understanding of the phenomenological descriptions of children's intuitive ideas is to be attained. The present research sets out to investigate the possible cognitive models used in the spontaneous interpretation of and reasoning about motion by students with varying amounts of Physics instruction. It is hoped that the resulting models will not only provide a context for interpreting children's misconceptions, but also provide insight into the evolution of naive cognitive models to more scientific ones. The research consists of two tasks. The first is a classification task asking students to categorize comic strip pictures about motion and to explain their underlying reasoning. The second is a programming task, asking students to write expert systems about motion in the language PROLOG. The second task is in fact one of self elicitation of knowledge by the students themselves under the assistance of the researcher. The advantage of such an exercise is that the representation is not only open for inspection by the students but is also explorable. The results from both tasks will be analysed and synthesized in the thesis

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

non present

Prospective observational cohort study on grading the severity of postoperative complications in global surgery research

Background The Clavien–Dindo classification is perhaps the most widely used approach for reporting postoperative complications in clinical trials. This system classifies complication severity by the treatment provided. However, it is unclear whether the Clavien–Dindo system can be used internationally in studies across differing healthcare systems in high- (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods This was a secondary analysis of the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), a prospective observational cohort study of elective surgery in adults. Data collection occurred over a 7-day period. Severity of complications was graded using Clavien–Dindo and the simpler ISOS grading (mild, moderate or severe, based on guided investigator judgement). Severity grading was compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Data are presented as frequencies and ICC values (with 95 per cent c.i.). The analysis was stratified by income status of the country, comparing HICs with LMICs. Results A total of 44 814 patients were recruited from 474 hospitals in 27 countries (19 HICs and 8 LMICs). Some 7508 patients (16·8 per cent) experienced at least one postoperative complication, equivalent to 11 664 complications in total. Using the ISOS classification, 5504 of 11 664 complications (47·2 per cent) were graded as mild, 4244 (36·4 per cent) as moderate and 1916 (16·4 per cent) as severe. Using Clavien–Dindo, 6781 of 11 664 complications (58·1 per cent) were graded as I or II, 1740 (14·9 per cent) as III, 2408 (20·6 per cent) as IV and 735 (6·3 per cent) as V. Agreement between classification systems was poor overall (ICC 0·41, 95 per cent c.i. 0·20 to 0·55), and in LMICs (ICC 0·23, 0·05 to 0·38) and HICs (ICC 0·46, 0·25 to 0·59). Conclusion Caution is recommended when using a treatment approach to grade complications in global surgery studies, as this may introduce bias unintentionally

Critical care admission following elective surgery was not associated with survival benefit: prospective analysis of data from 27 countries

This was an investigator initiated study funded by Nestle Health Sciences through an unrestricted research grant, and by a National Institute for Health Research (UK) Professorship held by RP. The study was sponsored by Queen Mary University of London

The surgical safety checklist and patient outcomes after surgery: a prospective observational cohort study, systematic review and meta-analysis

© 2017 British Journal of Anaesthesia Background: The surgical safety checklist is widely used to improve the quality of perioperative care. However, clinicians continue to debate the clinical effectiveness of this tool. Methods: Prospective analysis of data from the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), an international observational study of elective in-patient surgery, accompanied by a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature. The exposure was surgical safety checklist use. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and the secondary outcome was postoperative complications. In the ISOS cohort, a multivariable multi-level generalized linear model was used to test associations. To further contextualise these findings, we included the results from the ISOS cohort in a meta-analysis. Results are reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Results: We included 44 814 patients from 497 hospitals in 27 countries in the ISOS analysis. There were 40 245 (89.8%) patients exposed to the checklist, whilst 7508 (16.8%) sustained ≥1 postoperative complications and 207 (0.5%) died before hospital discharge. Checklist exposure was associated with reduced mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.49 (0.32–0.77); P\u3c0.01], but no difference in complication rates [OR 1.02 (0.88–1.19); P=0.75]. In a systematic review, we screened 3732 records and identified 11 eligible studies of 453 292 patients including the ISOS cohort. Checklist exposure was associated with both reduced postoperative mortality [OR 0.75 (0.62–0.92); P\u3c0.01; I2=87%] and reduced complication rates [OR 0.73 (0.61–0.88); P\u3c0.01; I2=89%). Conclusions: Patients exposed to a surgical safety checklist experience better postoperative outcomes, but this could simply reflect wider quality of care in hospitals where checklist use is routine