Le regard d'un géographe allemand sur Beyrouth en 1967

International audienceThis paper presents for the first time the book by Helmut Ruppert Beirut, an Eastern town marked by the West. It analyses the main originalities of this reading of the urban space of Beirut, following four points : the confrontation of two models of urban structuration, the geographical approach and the urban landscape, the residential structure and the centers of activity.Cette communication présente pour la première fois le livre d'Helmut Ruppert Beyrouth une ville d'Orient marquée par l'Occident. Il analyse les principales originalités de sa lecture de l'espace beyrouthin, à partir de quatre points : la confrontation de deux modèles de structuration urbaine, démarche géographique et paysage urbain, la structure résidentielle, les centres d'activités

Approximation spline L1C1 par fenêtres glissantes pour le signal et l'image

National audienceDans cet article, nous traitons le problème d'approximation de nuages de points par une courbe spline ou surface au sens de la norme L1. L'utilisation de cette norme permet de préserver la forme des données même en cas de changement brutal de celle-ci. Dans nos précédents travaux, nous avons introduit une méthode par fenêtre glissante de cinq points pour l'approximation courbe spline L1 et une méthode de croix glissante de neuf points pour l'approximation surface spline L1 de données type grille. Malgré leur complexité linéaire, ces méthodes peuvent demeurer lentes lorsqu'elles sont appliquées sur un large flot de données. Par conséquent, sur la base de nouveaux résultats algébriques sur l'approximation L1 sur un nombre restreint de données, nous proposons ici des méthodes reposant sur des fenêtres de taille inférieure et nous comparons les différentes méthodes. In this article, we adress the problem of approximating scattered data points by C1-smooth polynomial spline curves and surfaces using L1-norm optimization. The use of this norm helps us to preserve the shape of the data even near to abrupt changes. In our previous work, we introduced a five-point sliding window process for L1 spline curve approximation and a nine-point cross sliding window process for L1 spline surface approximation of grid datasets. Nethertheless, these methods can be still time consuming despite their linear complexity. Consequently, based on new algebraic results obtained for L1 approximation on restricted sets of points in both planar and spatial cases, we define in this article methods with smaller windows and we lead a comparison between the methods

Varieties of the letter and autistic objects

Para responder a la variedad de sujetos dentro del espectro autista y a la diversidad de lugares que los reciben y que prestan atención al baño de lenguaje en el que esos sujetos están sumergidos, la orientación de nuestro trabajo apunta a definir la posición de un terapeuta partenaire respetuoso de los múltiples aspectos que puede tomar el efecto transformador de un encuentro nuevo con la lengua. Desde esta perspectiva, más que de la búsqueda de un método ideal para el abordaje del sujeto con autismo, se trata de presentar aquí la diversidad de resultados obtenidos en contextos de lo más variados cuyo rasgo constante es sostener el esfuerzo de inscripción del sujeto en todas las dimensiones de la lengua, de la instancia de la letra y del tratamiento de los objetos fuera del cuerpo tales como la mirada y la voz, en la gran variedad de situaciones o de talleres posibles, manteniendo al mismo tiempo los aprendizajes (fragmento del manuscrito).A fim de responder à variedade de sujeitos dentro do espectro autista e à diversidade de lugares que os recebem e prestam atenção ao banho de língua em que esses sujeitos estão imersos, a orientação de nosso trabalho visa definir a posição de um terapeuta que seja um partenaire respeitoso dos múltiplos aspectos que o efeito transformador de um novo encontro com a língua pode tomar. Nesta perspectiva, em vez de buscar um método ideal para a abordagem do sujeito autista, o objetivo é apresentar aqui a diversidade de resultados obtidos nos mais variados contextos, cuja característica constante é sustentar o esforço de inscrever o sujeito em todas as dimensões da linguagem, da instância da letra e do tratamento de objetos fora do corpo como o olhar e a voz, na grande variedade de situações ou oficinas possíveis, mantendo o processo de aprendizagem (fragmento do manuscrito).In order to respond to the variety of subjects within the autistic spectrum and the diversity of settings that receive them and pay attention to the language bath in which these subjects are immersed, our work aims at defining the position of a partenaire therapist who respects the multiple aspects that the transforming effect of a new encounter with language can take. From this perspective, rather than searching for an ideal method for the approach of the autistic subject, we present a diversity of results obtained in varied contexts whose constant feature is to sustain the effort of inscribing the subject in all the dimensions of language, the instance of the letter and the treatment of objects outside the body –such as the gaze and the voice–, in a great variety of situations and workshops, while maintaining the learning process (fragment of the manuscript).Dossier: Psicoanálisis y autismoFacultad de Psicologí

Varieties of the letter and autistic objects

Pour répondre à la variété de sujets relevant du spectre autistique et à la diversité des lieux qui les accueillent et sont attentifs au bain de langage dans lequel ces sujets sont plongés, l’orientation de notre travail vise à définir la position d’un thérapeute partenaire respectueux des multiples aspects que peut prendre l’effet mutatif d’une rencontre nouvelle avec la langue. Dans cette perspective, plutôt que la recherche d’une méthode idéale d’approche du sujet avec autisme, il s’agit de présenter ici la diversité de résultats obtenus dans des contextes les plus variés, avec le trait constant de soutenir l’effort d’inscription du sujet dans toutes les dimensions de la langue, de l’instance de la lettre et du traitement des objets hors corps que sont le regard et la voix, dans la plus grande variété de situations ou d’ateliers possibles, tout en maintenant des apprentissages. (extrait du manuscrit).A fim de responder à variedade de sujeitos dentro do espectro autista e à diversidade de lugares que os recebem e prestam atenção ao banho de língua em que esses sujeitos estão imersos, a orientação de nosso trabalho visa definir a posição de um terapeuta que seja um partenaire respeitoso dos múltiplos aspectos que o efeito transformador de um novo encontro com a língua pode tomar. Nesta perspectiva, em vez de buscar um método ideal para a abordagem do sujeito autista, o objetivo é apresentar aqui a diversidade de resultados obtidos nos mais variados contextos, cuja característica constante é sustentar o esforço de inscrever o sujeito em todas as dimensões da linguagem, da instância da letra e do tratamento de objetos fora do corpo como o olhar e a voz, na grande variedade de situações ou oficinas possíveis, mantendo o processo de aprendizagem (fragmento do manuscrito).In order to respond to the variety of subjects within the autistic spectrum and the diversity of settings that receive them and pay attention to the language bath in which these subjects are immersed, our work aims at defining the position of a partenaire therapist who respects the multiple aspects that the transforming effect of a new encounter with language can take. From this perspective, rather than searching for an ideal method for the approach of the autistic subject, we present a diversity of results obtained in varied contexts whose constant feature is to sustain the effort of inscribing the subject in all the dimensions of language, the instance of the letter and the treatment of objects outside the body –such as the gaze and the voice–, in a great variety of situations and workshops, while maintaining the learning process (fragment of the manuscript).Dossier: Psicoanálisis y autismoFacultad de Psicologí

Variedades da letra e objetos autisticos

In order to respond to the variety of subjects within the autistic spectrum and the diversity of settings that receive them and pay attention to the language bath in which these subjects are immersed, our work aims at defining the position of a partenaire therapist who respects the multiple aspects that the transforming effect of a new encounter with language can take. From this perspective, rather than searching for an ideal method for the approach of the autistic subject, we present a diversity of results obtained in varied contexts whose constant feature is to sustain the effort of inscribing the subject in all the dimensions of language, the instance of the letter and the treatment of objects outside the body –such as the gaze and the voice–, in a great variety of situations and workshops, while maintaining the learning process (fragment of the manuscript).Pour répondre à la variété de sujets relevant du spectre autistique et à la diversité des lieux qui les accueillent et sont attentifs au bain de langage dans lequel ces sujets sont plongés, l’orientation de notre travail vise à définir la position d’un thérapeute partenaire respectueux des multiples aspects que peut prendre l’effet mutatif d’une rencontre nouvelle avec la langue. Dans cette perspective, plutôt que la recherche d’une méthode idéale d’approche du sujet avec autisme, il s’agit de présenter ici la diversité de résultats obtenus dans des contextes les plus variés, avec le trait constant de soutenir l’effort d’inscription du sujet dans toutes les dimensions de la langue, de l’instance de la lettre et du traitement des objets hors corps que sont le regard et la voix, dans la plus grande variété de situations ou d’ateliers possibles, tout en maintenant des apprentissages.   (extrait du manuscrit).A fim de responder à variedade de sujeitos dentro do espectro autista e à diversidade de lugares que os recebem e prestam atenção ao banho de língua em que esses sujeitos estão imersos, a orientação de nosso trabalho visa definir a posição de um terapeuta que seja um partenaire respeitoso dos múltiplos aspectos que o efeito transformador de um novo encontro com a língua pode tomar. Nesta perspectiva, em vez de buscar um método ideal para a abordagem do sujeito autista, o objetivo é apresentar aqui a diversidade de resultados obtidos nos mais variados contextos, cuja característica constante é sustentar o esforço de inscrever o sujeito em todas as dimensões da linguagem, da instância da letra e do tratamento de objetos fora do corpo como o olhar e a voz, na grande variedade de situações ou oficinas possíveis, mantendo o processo de aprendizagem (fragmento do manuscrito)

Assessing functional annotation transfers with inter-species conserved coexpression: application to Plasmodium falciparum

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>is the main causative agent of malaria. Of the 5 484 predicted genes of <it>P. falciparum</it>, about 57% do not have sufficient sequence similarity to characterized genes in other species to warrant functional assignments. Non-homology methods are thus needed to obtain functional clues for these uncharacterized genes. Gene expression data have been widely used in the recent years to help functional annotation in an intra-species way via the so-called <it>Guilt By Association </it>(GBA) principle.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We propose a new method that uses gene expression data to assess inter-species annotation transfers. Our approach starts from a set of likely orthologs between a reference species (here <it>S. cerevisiae </it>and <it>D. melanogaster</it>) and a query species (<it>P. falciparum</it>). It aims at identifying clusters of coexpressed genes in the query species whose coexpression has been conserved in the reference species. These conserved clusters of coexpressed genes are then used to assess annotation transfers between genes with low sequence similarity, enabling reliable transfers of annotations from the reference to the query species. The approach was used with transcriptomic data sets of <it>P. falciparum</it>, <it>S. cerevisiae </it>and <it>D. melanogaster</it>, and enabled us to propose with high confidence new/refined annotations for several dozens hypothetical/putative <it>P. falciparum </it>genes. Notably, we revised the annotation of genes involved in ribosomal proteins and ribosome biogenesis and assembly, thus highlighting several potential drug targets.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our approach uses both sequence similarity and gene expression data to help inter-species gene annotation transfers. Experiments show that this strategy improves the accuracy achieved when using solely sequence similarity and outperforms the accuracy of the GBA approach. In addition, our experiments with <it>P. falciparum </it>show that it can infer a function for numerous hypothetical genes.</p