The towers of the Spanish optical telegraph. Antecedents and variants of the architectural type

[EN] The Spanish optical telegraph was planned by the Ministry of the Interior in 1844 for civilian governmental use. It was a tower and telescope telegraph developed by Colonel José María Mathé, with a design clearly inspired by military sensibilities and considerations. This paper first analyses the contemporary military reference point of the embrasure tower as a military stronghold campaign. It goes on to examine the historical antecedents of watchtowers or signal towers from the 16th century and the freestanding or outpost towers from the 17th century. This is followed by a description of the architectural type of telegraph tower and an analysis of its variants, which gradually differed from the model typology in both form and materiality. Finally, it examines the military telegraph towers of the second and third Carlist wars. Thus, the historical and typological study emphasizes the military inspiration of the optical telegraph towers that has often gone unremarked in order to optimize the heritage characterization of the remaining structures.[ES] El telégrafo óptico español de uso civil gubernamental, planificado por el Ministerio de la Gobernación en 1844, fue un telégrafo de torre y anteojo, con un diseño-tipo de la torre de clara inspiración militar, a cargo del coronel José María Mathé. El artículo analiza en primer término el referente militar coetáneo de la torre aspillerada a modo de reducto de campaña. Posteriormente, se acomete el estudio de los antecedentes históricos en las torres vigía o de señales desde el siglo XVI y en las torres exentas o de avanzada desde el siglo XVII. Más adelante se expone el tipo arquitectónico de la torre telegráfica y se analizan sus variantes, que fueron diferenciándose de la tipología modelo tanto en su forma como en su materialidad. Finalmente, se hace un análisis de las torres telegráficas militares de la segunda y tercera guerra carlista. Este estudio histórico y tipológico enfatiza la inspiración militar de las torres de telegrafía óptica para la óptima caracterización patrimonial de los restos existentes.Este trabajo forma parte del Proyecto de Investigación titulado “Análisis y definición de estrategias para la caracterización, recuperación y puesta en valor del patrimonio de la obra pública. Una aproximación desde la escala territorial,” código PID2019-105877RA-I00, del Programa Estatal de I+D+i orientada a los retos de la sociedad, parte del Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020, de la Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades.Santos Y Ganges, L.; Lalana-Encinas, L. (2022). Las torres del telégrafo óptico español. Antecedentes y variantes del tipo arquitectónico. VLC arquitectura. Research Journal. 9(1):247-274. https://doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2022.154862472749

La Educación física y su potencial en la educación integral

El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado presenta un estudio sobre las denominadas competencias clave y cómo desde la asignatura de Educación Física se puede contribuir a su desarrollo, siendo la interdisciplinariedad y la globalización dos posibles opciones para llevar a cabo su propuesta didáctica en el aula. Para su desarrollo, en primer lugar se ha partido de un marco teórico que nos permite conocer qué entendemos por competencia, cuáles son las que están presentes en nuestro sistema educativo y qué tipo de habilidades y destrezas se espera de cada a una de ellas. A partir de ahí, el análisis de la metodología ha sido el siguiente paso, pues el hecho de dirigir nuestra acción didáctica hacia la adquisición de una serie de competencias hace tengamos que estudiar las posibles alternativas para llevar a cabo una acción didáctica eficaz. Es aquí cuando la interdisciplinariedad y la globalización aparecen como posibles alternativas. Partiendo de estas premisas, he llevado a cabo una propuesta didáctica que pone en relación todo lo anteriormente dicho a través de diferentes recursos e ideas. A partir de las características propias de nuestra asignatura, debemos contribuir al desarrollo integral de nuestros alumnos, ya que éste es el fin último de la educación.Grado en Educación Primari

The remnants of the optical telegraph in the north of Spain as a socio-cultural resource: the valuing process and a framework for intervention

The development of the optical telegraph in the 19th century was a significant step forward in humanity’s quest for fast and secure telecommunications. The optical telegraph’s network was one of the first vehicles of globalization. It spread quickly over Europe and was displaced just as swiftly by the electric telegraph. Today, the optical telegraph rests in relative obscurity, but it is not trivial. __ In Spain, security concerns led to the design of the optical telegraph as an infrastructure of fortified towers, connected by sight. By their nature, its sites form a complex linear landscape that spans across regional boundaries. Even after 150 years of disuse, several of the buildings remain. In many cases, they are conspicuous landmarks on the territory. They bear the memory of a distinct piece of our past. In short, the remnants of the optical telegraph have the potential to be beneficial resources for their associated landscapes, but they have often been underutilized, and they are undeniably at risk. There is an increasingly urgent need to take action before the sites degrade further, but this intervention will only be successful if it comes from a clear understanding of the stations’ distinctive tangible and intangible values. __ In this dissertation, I have sought to develop a systematic approach to evaluate the optical telegraph sites that considers their duality as milestones of a trans-regional network and as local heritage objects. Accordingly, I have sought to identify the methods and the criteria that can be used to form an efficient and sustainable framework for intervention. This interpretative framework could feasibly form the foundation for a solid strategy that preserves the optical telegraph sites while capitalizing on the added value they bring to their environments

La imagen social de la enfermería

Trabajo fin de grado en EnfermeríaIntroducción: La Imagen Social de Enfermería es un fenómeno complejo y dinámico que ha sido tratado desde diversas perspectivas, y en cuya formación intervienen factores socioeconómicos, culturales, profesionales, históricos y psicológicos. Una imagen estereotipada o distorsionada puede conllevar una serie de efectos negativos: déficit de entrada de nuevos profesionales, falta de reconocimiento social e institucional, frustración y baja autoestima de los propios profesionales. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión narrativa sobre la imagen social de Enfermería para conocer que conocimientos, percepciones y opiniones tiene el público sobre esta profesión. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica mediante las bases de datos PudMed, CINAHL, Cuiden, SciELO Citation Index (WOS), PsycINFO (Ebsco) Science Direct y en el portal bibliográfico Dialnet y Google Scholar. Se utilizó un límite temporal de 10 años, textos completos en castellano, inglés y portugués, y un lenguaje libre y controlado. Resultados: Los 17 artículos obtenidos indican que existe un desconocimiento en cuanto a las funciones, cualidades y características de los enfermeros, así como sobre su formación profesional. No obstante, la sociedad se encuentra satisfecha con sus servicios. Consideran la Enfermería como importante y necesaria en el sistema de salud, merecedora de respeto y admiración. Conclusiones: Es necesario continuar trabajando en la mejora de la imagen profesional de Enfermería, aumentando su visibilidad. Debe comunicarse lo que realmente hacen los enfermeros a través de una mayor presencia en los medios de comunicación, utilizando las nuevas plataformas tecnológicas. Así mismo, debe desarrollarse más el ámbito investigador y docente. Sin olvidarse de hacer un ejercicio de autorreflexión en el que los enfermeros sean conscientes de la importancia de una imagen adecuada acorde con la realidad actual.Introduction: The social image of Nursing is a complex and dynamic phenomenon that has been studied from various perspectives. Socioeconomic, cultural, professional, historical, and psychological factors play an important role in the construction of such image. A stereotyped image of nursing has negative effects, including a decrease in number of nurses, low social recognition of the profession, and frustration and low self-esteem from nurses themselves. Objective: The purpose of this paper is to develop a narrative review about social image of the Nursing profession in order to understand the knowledge, perceptions, and opinions that public has about it. Methodology: Sources of this work included the following databases: PudMed, CINAHL, Cuiden, SciELO Citation Index (WOS), Science Direct, PsycINFO (Ebsco), and public search engines such as Dialnet, Google Scholar. It was used as temporal limit the last 10 years, as well as articles in Spanish, English and Portuguese. Also it was employed free and controlled language. Results: The 17 collected articles indicate a general lack of knowledge in relation to how the public evaluates the professional formation of nurses. However, the general public concludes that they are overall satisfied with their work. Nurses are widely seen as an important part of the healthcare system, and deserve respect and admiration. Conclusions: It is necessary to continue working in order to improve the societal image of Nursing, increasing its visibility. This greater communication with the public can be achieved with a higher presence in the media, using new technological platforms. It must be increased scientific research and teaching activities. Nurses should also partake in a self-evaluation exercise, so that they can comprehend the importance of their image according to current reality

Reseña: Mitchell Duneier, Gueto. La invención de un lugar, la historia de una idea, Madrid, Capitán Swing, 2017, 351 pp., ISBN: 978-84-948861-0-2.

Book review of "Gueto. La invención de un lugar, la historia de una idea", by Mitchell Duneier.Reseña del libro "Gueto. La invención de un lugar, la historia de una idea", de Mitchell Duneier

Todos somos iguales, ¡eduquemos en igualdad de género!

Con este trabajo de fin de grado lo que se pretende es trabajar sobre la igualdad de género. Esto se hace a través de una propuesta didáctica la cual se realizaría en un centro de Educación Infantil. Se realiza un estudio que busca dar importancia a la necesidad de conseguir una igualdad de género en todos los ámbitos de la vida. Se espera otorgar gran importancia utilizando herramientas educativas comunes para lograr una igualdad de género real. A través de la interpretación de diferentes conceptos y la discusión del feminismo contemporáneo y la historia de la educación, se tendrá un marco de conocimiento suficiente en el que podamos confirmar esta necesidad. Se habla de cómo trabajar la igualdad mediante el paso del tiempo, se da respuesta a la pregunta de cómo trabajar sobre la igualdad mediante ejemplos basados en la Historia o el pasado. La propuesta de intervención se realizaría en un centro de Educación Infantil y el eje principal es la coeducación en un aula de 5 años. Se proponen 8 actividades, unas basadas en el pasado, cuando existía la desigualdad de género y otras actividades de igualdad de género basadas en la actualidad. Se trabaja mediante una metodología activa a lo largo de toda la propuesta, también, se fomenta el trabajo en equipo, ya que esta propuesta acoge todo tipo de ideas y pensamientos. Se pretende en un futuro poder llevar la propuesta al aula como maestra.The aim of this end-of-degree project is to work on gender equality through a didactic proposal that would be carried out in a nursery school. A study is carried out that seeks to give importance to the need to achieve gender equality in all areas of life. It is expected to give great importance using common educational tools to achieve real gender equality. Through the interpretation of different concepts and the discussion of contemporary feminism and the history of education, there will be a sufficient framework of knowledge in which we can confirm this need. We talk about how to work on equality through the passage of time, we answer the question of how to work on equality through examples based on history or the past. The proposal of intervention would be carried out in an Early-Childhood Education centre, the main axis being coeducation in a classroom with 5-year-old students. Eight activities are proposed, some based on the past, when there was gender inequality, and other gender equality activities based on the present. We work through an active methodology throughout the proposal, also, teamwork is encouraged, since this proposal welcomes all kinds of ideas and thoughts. It is intended in the future to be able to take the proposal to the classroom as a teacher.Grado en Educación Infanti

Dopaje en Veterinaria II: caballos y perros

El dopaje se define como el uso de un artificio, potencialmente peligroso para la salud de los deportistas y/o susceptible de mejorar su rendimiento, que figure en la lista anexa al Código Mundial Antidopaje. Los perros y los caballos pueden ser susceptibles de sufrir prácticas de dopaje al participar en disciplinas deportivas, para lo cual existen organismos que legislan y regulan a nivel internacional y nacional la utilización de sustancias, entre los que encontramos: World Anti Doping Agency, Federación Ecuestre Internacional y European Sled Dog Racing Association, y las Federaciones Españolas de Hípica (RFHE), de Deportes de invierno (RFEDI) y de Galgos (FEG). En este trabajo se revisa la normativa que regula y controla el dopaje y la actuación del Veterinario en el control antidopaje en las pruebas deportivas en los que participan animales.Doping is the illicit administration of drugs or other agents to racing animals with the intention of altering their physical performance. Different regulations have been published by international: World Anti Doping Agency (WADA), Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI), and the European Sled Dog Racing Association, and spanish agencies: Federaciones Españolas de Hípica (RFHE), de Deportes de invierno (RFEDI) y de Galgos (FEG). Drug treatment of dogs and horses which are used in sport competitions is restricted by the regulations of the anti-doping control and listed in the annex of the World Anti-Doping Code. Existing regulations and the functions of veterinarian-check, general horse-control and doping are reviewed in the present paper

Low-risk polycythemia vera treated with phlebotomies: clinical characteristics, hematologic control and complications in 453 patients from the Spanish Registry of Polycythemia Vera

Myelofibrosis; Phlebotomies; ThrombosisMielofibrosi; Flebotomies; TrombosiMielofibrosis; Flebotomías; TrombosisHematological control, incidence of complications, and need for cytoreduction were studied in 453 patients with low-risk polycythemia vera (PV) treated with phlebotomies alone. Median hematocrit value decreased from 54% at diagnosis to 45% at 12 months, and adequate hematocrit control over time ( 60 years, and microvascular symptoms constituted the main indications for starting cytoreduction. Median duration without initiating cytoreduction was significantly longer in patients younger than 50 years (< 0.0001). The incidence rate of thrombosis under phlebotomies alone was 0.8% per year and the estimated probability of thrombosis at 10 years was 8.5%. The probability of arterial thrombosis was significantly higher in patients with arterial hypertension whereas there was a trend to higher risk of venous thrombosis in cases with high JAK2V617F allele burden. Rates of major bleeding and second primary neoplasm were low. With a median follow-up of 9 years, survival probability at 10 years was 97%, whereas the probability of myelofibrosis at 10 and 20 years was 7% and 20%, respectively. Progression to acute myeloid leukemia was documented in 3 cases (1%). Current management of low-risk PV patients is associated with low rate of thrombosis and long survival. New treatment strategies are needed for improving hematological control and, in the long term, reducing progression to myelofibrosis.This work was supported by PI18/01472, PI18/00205, and PI21/00231 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), through the Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación. GEMFIN received a grant from Novartis for the development of the Spanish Registry of Polycythemia Vera and for conducting the present project

Real-world analysis of main clinical outcomes in patients with polycythemia vera treated with ruxolitinib or best available therapy after developing resistance/intolerance to hydroxyurea

Hemorrhage; Polycythemia vera; RuxolitinibHemorràgia; Policitèmia vera; RuxolitinibHemorragia; Policitemia vera; RuxolitinibBackground Ruxolitinib is approved for patients with polycythemia vera (PV) who are resistant/intolerant to hydroxyurea, but its impact on preventing thrombosis or disease-progression is unknown. Methods A retrospective, real-world analysis was performed on the outcomes of 377 patients with resistance/intolerance to hydroxyurea from the Spanish Registry of Polycythemia Vera according to subsequent treatment with ruxolitinib (n = 105) or the best available therapy (BAT; n = 272). Survival probabilities and rates of thrombosis, hemorrhage, acute myeloid leukemia, myelofibrosis, and second primary cancers were calculated according to treatment. To minimize biases in treatment allocation, all results were adjusted by a propensity score for receiving ruxolitinib or BAT. Results Patients receiving ruxolitinib had a significantly lower rate of arterial thrombosis than those on BAT (0.4% vs 2.3% per year; P = .03), and this persisted as a trend after adjustment for the propensity to have received the drug (incidence rate ratio, 0.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-1.3; P = .09). There were no significant differences in the rates of venous thrombosis (0.8% and 1.1% for ruxolitinib and BAT, respectively; P = .7) and major bleeding (0.8% and 0.9%, respectively; P = .9). Ruxolitinib exposure was not associated with a higher rate of second primary cancers, including all types of neoplasia, noncutaneous cancers, and nonmelanoma skin cancers. After a median follow-up of 3.5 years, there were no differences in survival or progression to acute leukemia or myelofibrosis between the 2 groups. Conclusions The results suggest that ruxolitinib treatment for PV patients with resistance/intolerance to hydroxyurea may reduce the incidence of arterial thrombosis.This work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III through a National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation Innovación (PI18/01472, PI18/00205, and PI21/00231). The Spanish Group of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (GEMFIN) received a grant from Novartis for developing the Spanish Registry of Polycythemia Vera and for conducting the current project

Machine Learning Improves Risk Stratification in Myelofibrosis: An Analysis of the Spanish Registry of Myelofibrosis

Aprendizaje automático; MielofibrosisAprenentatge automàtic; MielofibrosiMachine learning; MyelofibrosisMyelofibrosis (MF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) with heterogeneous clinical course. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation remains the only curative therapy, but its morbidity and mortality require careful candidate selection. Therefore, accurate disease risk prognostication is critical for treatment decision-making. We obtained registry data from patients diagnosed with MF in 60 Spanish institutions (N = 1386). These were randomly divided into a training set (80%) and a test set (20%). A machine learning (ML) technique (random forest) was used to model overall survival (OS) and leukemia-free survival (LFS) in the training set, and the results were validated in the test set. We derived the AIPSS-MF (Artificial Intelligence Prognostic Scoring System for Myelofibrosis) model, which was based on 8 clinical variables at diagnosis and achieved high accuracy in predicting OS (training set c-index, 0.750; test set c-index, 0.744) and LFS (training set c-index, 0.697; test set c-index, 0.703). No improvement was obtained with the inclusion of MPN driver mutations in the model. We were unable to adequately assess the potential benefit of including adverse cytogenetics or high-risk mutations due to the lack of these data in many patients. AIPSS-MF was superior to the IPSS regardless of MF subtype and age range and outperformed the MYSEC-PM in patients with secondary MF. In conclusion, we have developed a prediction model based exclusively on clinical variables that provides individualized prognostic estimates in patients with primary and secondary MF. The use of AIPSS-MF in combination with predictive models that incorporate genetic information may improve disease risk stratification