IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM GROUNDING NGR PADA GENERATOR UNTUK MEREDUKSI ARUS GANGGUAN SATU FASA KE TANAH PADA PLTD TERONG RAYON ADONARA

IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM GROUNDING NGR PADA GENERATOR UNTUK MEREDUKSI ARUS GANGGUAN SATU FASA KE TANAH PADA PLTD TERONG RAYON ADONARA Ricardo Stenli Lau Email : [email protected] Dosen Pembimbing : Dr. Eng. Ir. I Made Wartana, MT Ir. Ni Putu Agustini, MT Peminatan Teknik Energi Listrik Program Studi Teknik Elektro S-1 Fakultas Teknologi Industri, Institut Teknologi Nasional Malang Jl. Raya Karanglo Km. 2 Malang Abstrak Gangguan arus hubung singkat (1 fasa ketanah) yang besar pada generator dapat mengakibatkan generator terganggu dan berbahaya dengan sistem pentanahan solid yang masih digunakan pada PLTD Terong Adonara. Sistem pengamanan yang digunakan untuk mengisolasi gangguan yaitu penggunaan rele Ground Fault Relay (GFR) dimana GFR tidak dapat bekerja jika tidak ada sistem pentanahan netralnya. Penggunaan pentanahan netral solid dan Neutral Grounding Resistor (NGR) digunakan dalam penelitian ini guna mengetahui setting rele yang tepat ketika terjadi gangguan 1 fasa ke tanah serta melakukan perbandingan antara sistem pentanahan netral yang digunakan dalam setting rele GFR. Hasil analisa hubung singkat dengan pentanahan solid diketahui arus gangguan maksimum sebesar 1,47 kA, sedangkan dengan pentanahan NGR diketahui arus gangguan maksimum sebesar 0,110 kA. Setting waktu kerja rele yang didapat dari sistem pentanahan solid (settingan awal PLN) yaitu 0,3 s pada Penyulang 1 dan penyulang 2. Setting waktu kerja rele yang didapat dari sistem pentanahan NGR yaitu 0,283 s pada penyulang 1 dan 0,297 s pada penyulang 2. Dalam hal ini penggunaan NGR lebih efektif sebagai pentanahan netral karena bisa mereduksi besar arus hubung singkat yang terjadi sehingga tidak membahayakan peralatan dan manusia di sekitar. Kata Kunci – Solid Grounding, NGR (Neutral Grounding Resistance), GFR (Ground Fault Relay) NGR GROUNDING SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION OF GENERATOR TO REDUCE SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT CURRENT IN PLTD TERONG RAYON ADONARA Ricardo Stenli Lau Email : [email protected] Advisor : Dr. Eng. Ir. I Made Wartana, MT Ir. Ni Putu Agustini, MT Specialization of Electrical Energy Engineering Electrical Engineering Study Program S-1 Faculty of Industrial Technology, National Institute of Technology Malang Jl. Raya Karanglo Km. 2 Malang Abstract The high short circuit fault current level (single-phase-to-ground) in generator can causing the generator disturbed and dangerous with solid system that still used in PLTD Terong Adonara. The security system used to isolate the fault is the use of Ground Fault Relay (GFR), where GFR can not work properly if there is no neutral grounding system. The use of solid neutral ground and neutral grounding resistor (NGR) are used in this study to determine the proper setting of relay when single phase to ground fault occurs and to compare the neutral grounding system used in the GFR release setting. The result of solid ground is known the maximum fault current is 1,47 kA, whereas with NGR grounding it is known that maximum fault current is 0,110 kA. Setting the working time of relay obtained from solid grounding sytem (PLN settings) that is 0,3 s at feeder 1 and feeder 2. Setting the working time of relay obtained from NGR system that is 0.283 s at feeder 1 and 0.297 s at feeder 2. In this case the use of NGR is more effective as a neutral grounding because it can reduce the high short circuit current that occurs so that not harm the equipment and humans around. Keyword – Solid Grounding, NGR (Neutral Grounding Resistance), GFR (Ground Fault Relay

Plan de negocios para desarrollar el servicio integrado de crianza de pollos

Sustenta la viabilidad económica y técnica de la instalación de una granja avícola que brinde el servicio de crianza y engorde pollos a empresas avícolas que trabajan bajo la modalidad de integración. Se instalará en la provincia de Cañete y tendrá una capacidad de 15 galpones de 22.800 aves cada uno. La producción anual neta será de 1.786.950 aves o 4.646.070 kilos de carne. La carne de pollo es la alternativa proteica preferida por el 51% de la población peruana. En el año 2010 el consumo per cápita fue de 35 kg/hab. con una tasa de crecimiento promedio de 4,9% anual, impulsado por el buen desempeño de la economía peruana. En el año 2010 el tamaño del mercado de crianza de pollos bajo la modalidad de integración en la zona sur de Lima Metropolitana y en Cañete fue de 60 millones de aves, con un valor de 36 millones de nuevos soles. La tasa de crecimiento proyectada para el próximo quinquenio es de 8,65% anual. Las empresas integradoras de nuestro mercado objetivo son: San Fernando (63% de participación), Ganadera Santa Elena (17%), COASUR (12%) y AVIGAN (8%). El proyecto demandará una inversión de US$471.948, y será financiada con aportes en efectivo de los socios (76$ 79.238 en un plazo de 10 años, con un período de recuperación del capital de 4 años. Los factores claves de éxito del negocio son: el cumplimiento de buenas prácticas de crianza y el mantenimiento de las instalaciones, que garanticen una tasa baja de mortalidad; la flexibilidad de adaptación a las necesidades de la empresa integradora; y el manejo disciplinado de los costos, debido a que la tarifa por kilo de crianza se pacta por varios años.Tesi

How to sustain entrepreneurial performance during the current financial crisis

In a debt-ridden society that badly needs to grow economically, policies controlling the flows of economic accounts (revenues and expenditures) should be consistent with an efficient “asset and liability management”. The extra money obtained from immediate sales of idle or low-productive government properties can boost economic growth if lent to innovative entrepreneurial firms

Spatial distribution and populations at risk of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infections and infection intensity classes: an ecological study.

BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are highly prevalent in the Philippines. Mapping the prevalence and high-intensity of STH co-infections can help guide targeted intervention programmes to reduce morbidity, especially among vulnerable school-aged children. In this study, we aimed to predict the spatial distribution of the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura co-infection and infection intensity classes in the Philippines to identify populations most in need of interventions. METHODS: Data on STH infections from 29,919 individuals during the nationwide parasitological survey in 2005 to 2007 were included in the analysis. To geographically predict the prevalence of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infections and infection intensity classes, Bayesian multinomial geostatistical models were built including age, sex, environmental variables and a geostatistical random effect. The number of individuals co-infected and belonging to each of the infection intensity classes in 2017 was forecast by combining our predictive prevalence maps with population density maps. RESULTS: Our models showed that school-aged children (5-19 years) are most at risk of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infections and of moderate/high infection intensity compared to other age groups. We identified target provinces where the likelihood of STH-associated morbidity was highest: Luzon (Bulacan, Benguet, Cavite, Sorsogon, Metropolitan Manila, Pampanga and Rizal), the Visayas (Cebu, Iloilo, Leyte and Negros Occidental), and in Mindanao (Agusan Del Norte, Davao Del Sur, Davao Oriental, Lanao Del Sur, Maguindanao, Misamis Oriental, Sulu and Zamboanga Del Sur). Luzon had the highest estimated number of school-aged children with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infections (estimated total 89,400), followed by the Visayas (38,300) and Mindanao (20,200). CONCLUSIONS: Our study provided epidemiological evidence to highlight national priority areas for controlling co-infections and high intensity infections in the Philippines. Our maps could assist more geographically targeted interventions to reduce the risk of STH-associated morbidity in the Philippines

Pharmacological inhibition of sodium-proton-exchanger subtype 3-mediated sodium absorption in the gut reduces atrial fibrillation susceptibility in obese spontaneously hypertensive rats

Background: Increased sodium uptake has been shown to contribute to hypertension and cardiac endorgan damage. The sodium-proton-exchanger subtype 3 (NHE3) is an important mediator of intestinal sodium absorption. Whether a reduction in intestinal sodium absorption can prevent the development of an atrial arrhythmogenic substrate in hypertension is unknown. Methods: Eight-week-old obese spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-ob) were treated for six weeks with the gut-specific NHE3-inhibitor SAR (1-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-{3-[(4S)-6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-1, 2,3,4-tetrahydroiso-chinolin-4-yl]phenyl}urea, 1 mg/kg/d in chow, SHR-ob SAR, n = 7) and compared to aged-matched placebo-treated SHR-ob (SHR-ob PLAC, n = 8). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed at the end of the treatment period to assess atrial emptying function. Afterwards, local conduction disturbances and inducible atrial fibrillation (AF) duration were determined and histological analysis to quantify atrial fibrosis amount were performed. Results: Inhibition of intestinal NHE3 by SAR increased fecal sodium excretion, resulted in marked changes in feces electrolyte concentrations and water content, reduced blood pressure and preserved atrial emptying function (active total percent emptying: SHR-ob SAR: 0.47 +/- 0.05% vs. SHR-ob PLAC: 0.38 +/- 0.007, p <0.0001). Atrial fibrosis content was lower (21.4 +/- 2.5% vs. 36.7 +/- 1.2%, p <0.0001) and areas of slow conduction were smaller (2.5 +/- 0.09% vs. 5.3 +/- 0.2%, p <0.0001) in SHR-ob SAR compared to SHR-ob PLAC. Left atrial burst stimulation resulted in shorter inducible AF-durations in SHR-ob SAR compared to SHR-ob PLAC. Conclusions: Reduction of intestinal sodium absorption and subsequent changes in feces milieu by pharmacological NHE3 inhibition in the gut preserved atrial emptying function and reduced AF susceptibility. Whether pharmacological NHE3 inhibition in the gut prevents AF in humans warrants further study. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V

Spatial epidemiological approaches to inform leptospirosis surveillance and control: a systematic review and critical appraisal of methods

Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease that the transmission is driven by complex geographical and temporal variation in demographics, animal hosts and socioecological factors. This results in complex challenges for the identification of high‐risk areas. Spatial and temporal epidemiological tools could be used to support leptospirosis control programs, but the adequacy of its application has not been evaluated. We searched literature in six databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, SciELO and Zoological Record to systematically review and critically assess the use of spatial and temporal analytical tools for leptospirosis and to provide general framework for its application in future studies. We reviewed 115 articles published between 1930 and October 2018 from 41 different countries. Of these, 65 (56.52%) articles were on human leptospirosis, 39 (33.91%) on animal leptospirosis and 11 (9.5%) used data from both human and animal leptospirosis. Spatial analytical (n = 106) tools were used to describe the distribution of incidence/prevalence at various geographical scales (96.5%) and to explored spatial patterns to detect clustering and hot spots (33%). A total of 51 studies modelled the relationships of various variables on the risk of human (n = 31), animal (n = 17) and both human and animal infection (n = 3). Among those modelling studies, few studies had generated spatially structured models and predictive maps of human (n = 2/31) and animal leptospirosis (n = 1/17). In addition, nine studies applied time‐series analytical tools to predict leptospirosis incidence. Spatial and temporal analytical tools have been greatly utilized to improve our understanding on leptospirosis epidemiology. Yet the quality of the epidemiological data, the selection of covariates and spatial analytical techniques should be carefully considered in future studies to improve usefulness of evidence as tools to support leptospirosis control. A general framework for the application of spatial analytical tools for leptospirosis was proposed

Supporting elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Samoa by predicting locations of residual infection using machine learning and geostatistics

The global elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a major focus of the World Health Organization. One key challenge is locating residual infections that can perpetuate the transmission cycle. We show how a targeted sampling strategy using predictions from a geospatial model, combining random forests and geostatistics, can improve the sampling efficiency for identifying locations with high infection prevalence. Predictions were made based on the household locations of infected persons identified from previous surveys, and environmental variables relevant to mosquito density. Results show that targeting sampling using model predictions would have allowed 52% of infections to be identified by sampling just 17.7% of households. The odds ratio for identifying an infected individual in a household at a predicted high risk compared to a predicted low risk location was 10.2 (95% CI 4.2–22.8). This study provides evidence that a ‘one size fits all’ approach is unlikely to yield optimal results when making programmatic decisions based on model predictions. Instead, model assumptions and definitions should be tailored to each situation based on the objective of the surveillance program. When predictions are used in the context of the program objectives, they can result in a dramatic improvement in the efficiency of locating infected individuals

Valorización de Cementos Pacasmayo

Cementos Pacasmayo S.A.A. y sus subsidiarias son los productores, distribuidores y comercializadores de cemento más importante en el norte del Perú, cuenta con 3 plantas de producción en Pacasmayo, Rioja y Piura, con una capacidad de producción total anual de 4,9 millones de TM. Su participación de mercado es aproximadamente el 95% y tienen más de 200 puntos de venta. La valorización por el método de flujos de caja descontados (DCF) tiene como fecha base el 30 de diciembre del 2016. Entre los principales supuestos empleados se encuentra un periodo de proyección de 10 años, un crecimiento promedio de los ingresos de 4,20% en dicho periodo y una inversión en el aumento de la capacidad de planta por S/ 1.057 millones que se realizaría posterior al 2023. Además de los supuestos señalados se trabajó con un WACC en soles equivalente a 8,04% y con un crecimiento de los flujos de la perpetuidad (g) de 3,12%. El valor obtenido de la firma fue de S/ 3.592 millones, obteniéndose un valor fundamental de la acción común a diciembre 2016 era de S/ 6,65, que estaba 5,50% por encima del precio de mercado al cierre del 31 de diciembre de 2016 (acción común a S/ 6,30). Con el segundo método se valoriza sobre la base de la comparación con múltiplos de compañías similares a Cementos Pacasmayo. Se tomaron en cuenta los ratios P/E y EV/EBITDA, y se obtuvo como resultado los valores de S/ 6,63 y S/ 6,68, respectivamente. Estos valores se encuentran cerca del valor de S/ 6,65 obtenido a través del método de valorización de flujos. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos y al precio actual de la acción de Cementos Pacasmayo y subsidiarias, nuestra recomendación es mantener/comprar

Índice del progreso social del distrito de Surquillo

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como propósito determinar y analizar el nivel de progreso social alcanzado en el distrito de Surquillo a través del cálculo del índice de Progreso Social, cuya finalidad es medir la calidad de vida de las personas, independientemente de los niveles de ingreso económico. El método utilizado para estos fines es el propuesto por el Social Progress Imperative, que analiza indicadores de resultados sociales y ambientales divididos en tres dimensiones de progreso social: necesidades humanas básicas, fundamentos del bienestar y oportunidades; a su vez cada una de estas dimensiones está dividida en cuatro componentes. De las tres dimensiones evaluadas en el distrito de Surquillo, la que obtiene un nivel más alto es la que estima la satisfacción de las necesidades humanas básicas con 73.06 sobre un total de 100 puntos; en este caso, los componentes nutrición y cuidados médicos básicos y agua potable y saneamiento básico fueron los de mejor desarrollo, en cambio, vivienda y seguridad personal alcanzaron menor puntaje. La dimensión fundamentos del bienestar se encuentra en el segundo lugar con un total de 66.23 puntos, de la cual destacan los componentes acceso al conocimiento básico y acceso a información y telecomunicaciones. Ahora bien, la dimensión oportunidades es la menos desarrollada entre los habitantes del distrito de Surquillo con solamente 62.77 sobre un total de 100 puntos. En tal sentido, se deben enfocar los esfuerzos de las autoridades del distrito sobre esta dimensión. Finalmente, el Índice de Progreso Social calculado para dicho distrito es de 67.35, considerado un nivel medio altoThe nature of this thesis is to determine and analyze the social progress level reached at Surquillo district via the Social Progess Index calculation, whose purpose is to measure people’s life quality, excluding income levels. The results of this study were obtained using the framework proposed by the Social Progress Imperative, which analyzes social and environmental indicators results, divided into three dimensions of social progress: basic human needs, foundations of wellbeing and opportunities, and each of these dimensions is divided into four components. According to the assessment performed on these three dimensions in Surquillo district, the one with the highest level is the one that estimates the basic human needs fulfillment with 73.06 over 100 points; in this case, the components with best development were nutrition, basic medical care, clean water and basic sanitation, while dwelling and personal security obtained a lower score. Foundations of wellbeing dimension is in the second place with 66.23 points in total, of which Access to basic knowledge and Access to Information and telecommunications components highlight. Now, the opportunities dimension is the least developed within the citizens of Surquillo district with only 62.77 points out of 100. Thus, the district authorities efforts must be focused on improving this dimension. Finally, the Social Progress Index calculated for the district is 67.35, considered an upper middle social progress levelTesi