Impact of Watershed Development Projects on Seasonal Livestock Migration — A Study on Shivalik Foothill Villages in Haryana

Seasonal migration of pastoral nomads, which constitutes a major proportion of human population in the Shivalik foothill villages in the Haryana state, is being practised since long in the region. To a large extent, these movements are associated with the absence of water resources development in the water-scarce regions. The present paper has examined the impact of watershed development programmes on seasonal livestock migration and has investigated the determinants of likelihood of such types of migration. The results have revealed that though the watershed development projects have helped in improving the productivity of agricultural land, the same gains are still to be realized on common lands because small and landless families entirely depend on common lands for livestock rearing. Evidence has shown that market access defines the degree of livestock exploitation and there is enormous scope for improving the effectiveness through focused interventionsAgricultural and Food Policy,

Ewolucja recepcji twórczości Josepha Conrada w Polsce

In the essay author describes the way J. Conrad’s books were interpreted during decades by polish critics and readers. Author argues that reception of J. Conrad’s books was determined by the periods in which critics and readers lived. During war J. Conrad’s works were perceived as guides and psychical assistance. After World Word II critics divided into main two groups – one group maintained that J. Conrad’s conceptions were harmful and the other group pointed that J. Conrad’s books were important and carried universal meanings. Nowadays J. Conrad is still interpreted in very different ways. Author focuses only on Zdzisław Najder’s interpretations

Sovereignty in cyberspace: lex lata vel non?

Globalization has not conquered sovereignty. Instead, the notion of sovereignty occupies center stage in discussions concerning the normative architecture of cyberspace. On the diplomatic level, the term is generally cast in its broadest sense, one that signifies freedom from external control and influence. For instance, when western States raise the issue of human rights in cyberspace, those occupying the opposite side of the negotiating table fall back on sovereignty-based arguments. Mention of sovereignty in consensus documents is consequently often the price that liberal democracies pay for recognition of their policy priorities, such as individual freedoms and the availability of self-help measures in response to hostile cyber operations Unfettered by the constraints of political agendas and negotiating tactics, the international law academy has tended to approach the notion from a normatively analytical perspective. For legal scholars, the question of how the principle of sovereignty, as well as its derivate rules, govern cyber activities by and against States has become a dominant topic on the research agenda. This article assesses a recent controversy over whether sovereignty is a primary rule of international law, sets forth the authors’ views on sovereignty violations in cyberspace, and highlights several resultant policy issues

Polskość i ukraińskość z perspektywy wspomnieniowej J. Iwaszkiewicza

У статті представлені спогади Ю. Івашкевича про дитинство і молоді роки, проведені в Україні

Ferdynand Ruszczyc, Jan Bułhak i Uniwersytet Wileński

The article presents a personal relationship between the two outstanding authors, between F. Ruszczyc, a painter, writer, organizer of artistic and social life in the Vilnius Region and J. Bułhak, an excellent photographer and an intriguing writer. Attempts were made to indicate how this relation was significant to the functioning of the Vilnius University at the beginning of its “renewed” existence. The analyzes were based on the diaries of F. Ruszczyc (“Ku Wilnu”, “W Wilnie”) and the notes of J. Bułhak (“26 lat z Ruszczycem”, “Liść wawrzynu i płatek róży”). These works tell us a lot about the mission of the University and tasks that it faced in 1919. Regina Ruszczycowa is mentioned in the article as well. The analysis of her correspondence with Ferdynand Ruszczyc reveals us many details about university life and about her husband fascination with Vilnius.Ferdynandas Ruszczycas, Janas Bułhakas ir Vilniaus universitetas Straipsnyje pristatomi asmeniniai santykiai, kurie siejo du iškilius kūrėjus: F. Ruszczycą, tapytoją, rašytoją, Vilniaus krašto meno ir socialinio gyvenimo organizatorių, ir J. Bułhaką, puikaus fotografą, taip pat intriguojantį monografininką ir plunksnos žmogų. Bandoma parodyti, kokią įtaka šie santykiai turėjo ką tik „atkurto“ Vilniaus universiteto veiklai. Analizės pagrindas – F. Ruszczyco dienoraščiai (Ku Wilnu, W Wilnie) ir J. Bułhako užrašai (26 lat z Ruszczycem, jo parengti F. Ruszczyco pasisakymai Liść wawrzynu i płatek róży). Atidžiai skaitomi darbai daug pasakoja apie universiteto misiją ir užduotis, kurios iškilo 1919 m. Straipsnio fone pasirodo Reginos Ruszczycowos asmenybė. Iš išlikusio ir paskelbto (ištraukose) jos susirašinėjimo su vyru galima sužinoti daugybę detalių apie universiteto gyvenimą ir jo žavėjimąsi Vilniumi (nuo Jaunosios Lenkijos epochos iki XX amžiaus 4-ojo dešimtmečio)

The DoD Law of War Manual and its Critics: Some Observations

The U.S. Department of Defense’s (DoD) new Law of War Manual has generated serious debate about its treatment of a variety of issues including human shields, the status of journalists, cyber operations, the precautions to be taken prior to attacks and even the role of honor in war. Although this article does not purport to be a comprehensive response to every critique of the Manual and, indeed, cites opportunities for its improvement, it nevertheless concludes that on balance the Manual provides an excellent, comprehensive and much-needed statement of DoD’s view of the lex lata of the law of war

Filozoficzno-patriotyczne wątki w twórczości J.Słowackiego i J. Iwaszkiewicza

У статті висвітлено філософсько-патріотичні думки у творчості двох польських поетів різних літературних епох

A study on minerals essential for athlete’s performance

ABSTRACT All invigorating giant minerals can influence the sports and working lifestyle. Minerals are derived from a wide mix of metabolic and physiological cycles in the human body. In athletic performance, minerals have physiological parts in muscle clearance, standard heart rate, nerve conduction, oxygen transport, oxidative phosphorylation, compound acceptance, cell support progress, bone elevation, safe limits and unpleasant base arrangements. These cycles are heavily progressed during athletic performance, so a healthy level of these minerals is key to ideal performance. Various nutritional minerals are specialized to save the critical solid areas for A, which help the contenders perform at their best. In any case, some minerals that do more "really dangerous work" are more rapidly depleted during athletic performance. There are so many parts that drive us to move ahead in the game like cut off, preparation, motivation, inspiration and balance from wounds. Whenever energetic, prepared, talented, energetic and coordinated contenders fight in any kind of challenge, there is a more clear-cut division than usual between defeat and victory. Food is expected to play a fundamental role in this ability to cut between defeat and victory. &nbsp

Can Criminal Law Instruments Implement the Concept of Restorative Justice?

Restorative justice underlies various legal solutions all over the world. The Polish legislator also made reference to restorative justice by including the settlement between the offender and the victim among sentencing directives. The objective of this article is to conduct a more detailed examination of this directive in relation to the essence of RJ, and then to review and analyse the solutions adopted in Polish criminal law in terms of their usefulness for the implementation of the objectives of restorative justice. The text will concentrate on those instruments and penal measures which are not designed to be used for repression against the offender and create – at least seemingly – space for objectives closer to RJ. The compensatory measures, the probative measures and an active repentance will be taken into account. The Polish criminal law is consistent with the continental model existing in all Europe. Therefore, conclusions resulting from this analysis may provide inspiration also for authors functioning in normative realities other than Polish.1. Consedine J (2004) Sprawiedliwość naprawcza. Przywrócenie ładu społecznego. Warsaw. 2. Wilk L, Zawiejski P (2015) The Concept of Restorative Justice. In: Dukiet-Nagórska T (Ed.), The Postulates of Restorative Justice and the Continental Model of Criminal Law. Frankfurt am Main. 3. Zalewski W (2017) Sprawiedliwość naprawcza. In: Kaczmarek T (Ed.), System Prawa Karnego. Nauka o karze. Sądowy wymiar kary. Warsaw. 4. Zalewski W (2006) Sprawiedliwość naprawcza. Początek ewolucji polskiego prawa karnego? Gdańsk. 5. Zawiejski P (2016) Idea sprawiedliwości naprawczej. In: Dukiet-Nagórska T (Ed.), Idea sprawiedliwości naprawczej a zasady kontynentalnego prawa karnego. Warsaw. 6. Christie N (1977) Conflicts as Property. British Journal of Criminology 17(1): 1-15. 7. Christie N (1991) Granice cierpienia. Warsaw. 8. Zehr H (1990) Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice. Scottsdale. 9. Płatek M (2005) Teoria sprawiedliwości naprawczej. In: Płatek M, Fajst M (Eds.), Sprawiedliwość naprawcza. Idea. Teoria. Praktyka. Warsaw. 10. Hanc J (2015) The Idea of Restorative Justice: An Attempt at a Comparative Analysis. In: DukietNagórska T (Ed.), the Postulates of Restorative Justice and the Continental Model of Criminal Law. Frankfurt am Main. 11. Braithwaite J (1989) Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Cambridge. 12. Sitarz O (2016) Znaczenie normy wywodzonej z przepisu art. 53 § 3 kk dla (dyrektyw) sądowego wymiaru kary. In: Dukiet-Nagórska T (Ed.), Idea sprawiedliwości naprawczej a zasady kontynentalnego prawa karnego. Warsaw. 13. Wójcik D (2010) In: Marek A (Ed.), System prawa karnego. Zagadnienia ogólne. Warsaw. 14. Bienkowska E (2011) Mediacja w sprawach karnych. Stan prawny na 1 wrzesnia 2011 r. Warsaw. 15. Rączkowski S (1999) Postępowanie mediacyjne według Kodeksu postępowania karnego. In: Bogunia L (Ed.), Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego. Wroclaw 4. 16. Buchala K (1998) Kodeksu karnego. In: Buchała K, Zoll A, Komentarz do kk (Eds.), Kodeks karny. Czesc ogolna. Komentarz do art. 1-116. 17. Murzynowski A (2005) Rola mediacji w osiąganiu sprawiedliwości w procesie karnym. In: Płatek M, Fajst M (Eds.), Sprawiedliwość naprawcza. Idea. Teoria. Praktyka. Warsaw. 18. Murzynowski A (2002) Mediacja w toku postępowania przygotowawczego. In: Stachowiak S (Ed.), Współczesny polski proces karny. Poznań. 19. Bek D (2015) The Mediation settlement as a directive of the level of sanction. In: Dukiet-Nagórska T (Ed.), the Postulates of Restorative Justice and the Continental Model of Criminal Law. Frankfurt am Main. 20. Bienkowska E (1999) Kodeks karny. Czesc ogolna. Komentarz. Warsaw. 21. Kużelewski D (2009) Wpływ prawa karnego materialnego na mediacje między pokrzywdzonym i oskarżonym – wybrane aspekty. In: Ćwiąkalski Z, Artymiuk G (Eds.), prawa karnego materialnego i procesowego w świetle kodyfikacji karnych z 1997 r. i propozycji ich zmian. Warsaw. 22. Hyps S (2015) Środki probacyjne. In: Grześkowiak A, Wiak K (Eds.), Prawo karne. Warsaw. 23. Skupiński J (2012) Podstawowe problemy interpretacyjne unormowań dotyczących środków probacyjnych. In: Majewski J (Ed.) Środki związane z poddaniem sprawcy próbie. Warsaw. 24. Dukiet-Nagórska T (2016) Obowiązek naprawczy a specyfika prawa karnego. In: Dukiet-Nagórska T (Ed.), Idea sprawiedliwości naprawczej a zasady kontynentalnego prawa karnego. Warsaw. 25. Pawela S (2003) Prawo karne wykonawcze. Zarys wykładu. Krakow. 26. Consedine J (2005) Sprawiedliwość naprawcza – kompensacyjna praktyka prawa karnego. Mediator 3. 27. Skupiński J (2015) In: Stefański RA (Ed.), Kodeks karny. Komentarz. Warsaw

W kręgu tradycji filomackiej w międzywojennym Wilnie: „Wiwlasy“ Edwarda Walewskiego (1926) i gazetka „Filomatka” (1929)

In Vilnius that was considered as spiritual capital of Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the period of inter-war, and mainly in ’20s of the XX century still was very living romanticism tradition. The important person and symbolic messenger of this tradition was Adam Mickiewicz, the most famous polish-lithuanian poet, polish national prophet. Very noticeable was the fact that the best known literary scientists, like: J. Kallenbach, S. Pigoń, K. Górski were employed in Polish Literature Department, in Faculty of Humanities of Stefan Batory University. Wladysław Mickiewicz – son of the poet Adam Mickiewicz, also his biographer visited Vilnius and university in 1922. In 1926 was published collection of poems named Wiwlasy. Jamb na stulecie filomatów by Edward Walewski. It consists of 48 sonnets that describe the activity of „Filomaci and Filareci“ Society members. The lyrics refer also to people (J. Lelewel, K. Kontry, E. Groddeck), and places (Nowogródek, Tuhanowicz, Bolcienik) related to some meaningful locations connected with „Filomaci“ trial case. The other significant literary event was the attempt to issue due to efforts of some teachers K. Adamska-Roubina, S. Szemitówna-Cywińska and O. Zambrzycka-Swianiewiczowa, in Vilnius in 1929, the school newspaper „Filomatka“. Till our times only one archival copy is left, there is no evidence if there were more copies. It is necessary to mention that both literary events, despite their weak response, are interesting and worth mentioning examples of still alive tradition of „Filomaci“ in Vilnius.Filomatų tradicijos Vilniuje tarpukario laikotarpiu: Edwardo Walewskio „Wiwlasy“ (1926) ir laikraštukas „Filomatka“ (1929) Santrauka. Tarpukario dvidešimtmetį, pirmiausią XX a. 3-iojo dešimtmečio metais, Vilnius buvo laikomas dvasine senosios Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės sostine, čia buvo gyva romantizmo tradicija. Svarbiausias šios tradicijos skleidėjas buvo Adomas Mickevičius, garsiausias lenkų ir lietuvių poetas, lenkų tautos dainius. Tai lėmė faktas, kad Stepono Batoro universiteto Humanistikos fakulteto Lenkų literatūros katedroje dirbo garsūs Mickevičiaus tyrinėtojai: J. Kallenbachas, S. Pigonis, K. Gurskis (J. Kallenbach, S. Pigoń, K. Górski). 1922 m. Vilnių ir universitetą aplankė poeto sūnus ir vienas jo biografų Vladislavas Mickevičius (Władysław Mickiewicz).1926 metais Vilniuje pasirodė Edvardo Valevskio (Edward Walewski) poezijos rinkinukas „Wiwlasy. Jamb na stulecie filomatów“ – 48 sonetai, skirti filomatų ir filaretų bendruomenių veiklai, taip pat žinomiems romantizmo epochos Vilniaus universiteto profesoriams (J. Lelewel, K. Kontrym, E. Groddeck). Taip pat yra sonetų, kurie skirti Mickevičiaus „vietoms“ (Naugardukui, Tuhanovičiams, Balčininkams) ir konkretiems taškams Vilniaus žemėlapyje, kurie susiję su filomatų veikla.Kitas su literatūra susijęs įvykis – bandymas leisti mokyklinį leidinį „Filomatka“. Jo atsiradimą inicijavo mokytojos K. Adamska-Rouba, S. Szemiotówna-Cywińska ir O. Zambrzycka-Swianiewiczowa. Iki šių dienų archyvuose išliko tik vienas laikraštuko egzempliorius ir nėra žinoma, ar jų būta daugiau. Abu literatūriniai įvykiai nesulaukė didesnio atgarsio, tačiau yra įdomūs ir verti dėmesio reiškiniai, tiriant filomatų tradicijas Vilniuje tarpukario laikotarpiu