Some hypersonic intake studies

A 'two dimensional' air intake comprisipg a wedge followed by an isentropic compression has been tested in the Cranfield Gun Tunnel at Mach 8,2. These tests were performed to investigate qualitatively the intake flow starting process. The effects of cowl position, Reynolds number, boundary-layer trip and introduction of a small restriction in the intake duct were investigated. Schlieren pictures of the flow on the compression surface and around the intake entrance were taken. Results showed that the intake would operate over the Reynolds number range tested. Tests with a laminar boundary layer demonstrated the principal influence of the Reynolds number on the boundary-layer growth and consequently on the flow structure in the intake entrance. In contrast boundary layer tripping produced little variation in flow pattern over the Reynolds number range tested. The cowl lip position appeared to have a strong effect on the intake performance. The only parameter which prevented the intake from starting was the introduction of a restriction in the intake duct. The experimental data obtained were in good qualitative agreement with the CFD predictions. Finally, these experimental results indicated a good intake flow starting process over multiple changes of parameters

Hydration Properties and Interlayer Organization of Water and Ions in Synthetic Na-Smectite with Tetrahedral Layer Charge. Part 1. Results from X-ray Diffraction Profile Modeling

International audienceThe dehydration of two Na-saturated synthetic saponites with contrasting layer charge was studied by modeling the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns recorded along a water vapor desorption isotherm. The interlayer configurations used to reproduce the XRD data over a large angular range include Na+ cations located in the interlayer midplane and H2O molecules normally distributed about one or two main positions for mono- and bihydrated layers, respectively. Although strongly reduced in comparison to natural smectites, hydration heterogeneity was systematically observed for these synthetic saponites, especially along the transition between two hydration states. Using improved models for the description of the interlayer organization, the influence of layer charge on the structure of interlayer water can be precisely assessed. In addition, the comparison with water contents obtained from water vapor gravimetry experiments allows discriminating the relative contributions of H2O molecules from 1W and 2W interlayers (crystalline water) and from the pore space network

Mapa de ahorro energético obtenible con sistemas solares híbridos de calentamiento de agua domiciliaria

En este trabajo se cuantificó el ahorro energético que podría conseguirse haciendo uso de la energía solar en el calentamiento de agua domiciliaria. Para lograrlo, se evaluó el consumo eléctrico de dos termotanques, uno solar compacto híbrido de baja complejidad y otro convencional. Ambos fueron sometidos a un perfil de consumo familiar que representa los hábitos típicos de la población nacional. Luego se modeló su desempeño con respecto a variables meteorológicas, y finalmente se proyectó el ahorro, diferencia de sus consumos, en otros emplazamientos del país. Los resultados de esta proyección permitieron confeccionar mapas de estimación de este ahorro energético en Argentina. Se estima que en promedio en la zona centro y norte del país este tipo de sistema solar ahorraría un 50 % de la energía que los convencionales usan, y se determinó el impacto económico de esta sustitución de tecnologías.The purpose of this project is to quantify the potential energy savings that could be achieved by using solar energy in domestic water heating. To achieve this objective, the energy performance of two water heating systems, a low complexity solar and a conventional one, were evaluated. Both were submitted to a typical household consumption profile that represents the habits of the majority of the national population. Their behavior was then modeled with respect to meteorological variables and their performance was finally the saving between them was projected in other locations in the country. The results of this projection allowed us to make estimation maps of the energy saving that its use would bring in Argentina. It is estimated that on average in the central and northern areas of the country these artifacts would save 50 % of the energy that conventional ones use on the water heating, and their economic implications are considerable.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

The Journal of the Friends' Historical Society vol. 5 No. 2

1. Notices. 2. Notes and Queries. 3. Obituary. 4. Quaker Ministers and French Police. 5. Documents from the Paris National Archives relating to Stephen Grellet I. 6. Presentations of Quakers in Episcopal Visitations, 1662-1679. 7. Bernard Barton's Dream. 8. A Glimpse of Ancient Friends in Dorset II. 9. Death of John Ellis, of Poole, 1707. 10. Hannah Lightfoot. 11. Editors' Notes. 12. Records respecting John and Margaret Lynam in England and Maryland. 13. Islington Road School. 14. Richard Cubham of Bickerstaffe, Yeoman. 15. Certificate respecting James Graham and William Armstrong, from Long Island, 1717. 16. Friends in Current Literature

The discovery of ash dieback in the UK: the making of a focusing event

Why did the identification of ‘Ash Dieback’ (Chalara Fraxinea) in 2012 in the UK catch the national media, public and political zeitgeist, and lead to policy changes, in a way that no other contemporary tree pest or pathogen outbreak has?The identification of Ash Dieback in the UK is conceptualised as a successful ‘focusing event’ and the ways in which it was socially constructed by the media, stakeholders and the government are analysed. National newspaper coverage contributed to the way that the disease was understood and was significant in driving the political response. Ash Dieback’s focal power derived from the perceived scale and nature of its impact; the initial attribution of blame on government; the ‘war-like’ response from the government; and Ash’s status as a threatened ‘native’ tree. The Ash Dieback focusing event has increased the salience of plant health issues amongst policymakers, the public and conservation organisations in the UK

Leadership and Stewardship of the Laboratory (Objective 4.1) Notable Outcome - Phase II Alternative Analysis and PNNL Site Plan Recommendation

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the Pacific Northwest Site Office (PNSO) have recently completed an effort to identify the current state of the campus and gaps that exist with regards to space needs, facilities and infrastructure. This effort has been used to establish a campus strategy to ensure PNNL is ready to further the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) mission. Ten-year business projections and the impacts on space needs were assessed and incorporated into the long-term facility plans. In identifying/quantifying the space needs for PNNL, the following categories were addressed: Multi-purpose Programmatic (wet chemistry and imaging laboratory space), Strategic (Systems Engineering and Computation Analytics, and Collaboration space), Remediation (space to offset the loss of the Research Technology Laboratory [RTL] Complex due to decontamination and demolition), and Optimization (the exit of older and less cost-effective facilities). The findings of the space assessment indicate a need for wet chemistry space, imaging space, and strategic space needs associated with systems engineering and collaboration space. Based on the analysis, a 10-year campus strategy evolved that balanced four strategic objectives, as directed by the DOE Office of Science (DOE-SC): • Mission Alignment - maintain customer satisfaction • Reasonable & Achievable - do what makes sense from a practical and cost perspective • Campus Continuity - increase the federal control of assets and follow the Campus Master Plan • Guiding Principles - modern, collaborative, flexible, and sustainable. This strategy considered the following possible approaches to meet the identified space needs: • Institutional General Plant Project (IGPP) funded projects • Third party leased facilities • Science Laboratory Infrastructure (SLI) line item funded projects. Pairing the four strategic objectives with additional key metrics as criteria for selection, an initial recommendation was made to DOE-SC to use all three funding mechanisms to deliver the mission need. DOE-SC provided feedback that third party facilities are not to be pursued at this time. The decision was made by DOE that an IGPP-funded program would be the base plan, while retaining the possibility of a 2019 SLI-funded project. The SLI project will be designed to deliver significant impact on science and technology (S&T) and support the development of a modern, synergistic core campus where a collaborative and innovative environment is fostered. The specific scientific impact will be further defined in the 2015 and 2016 Annual Laboratory Plans. Additionally, opportunities will be explored to construct annexes on current federal facilities, including the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), if proven synergistic and cost effective. The final result of this effort is an actionable, flexible plan with scope, schedule, and cost targets for individual acquisition projects. Implemented as planned, the result will increase federal ownership by approximately 15 percent, reduce the operating cost by approximately 7 percent, and reduce the geographic facility footprint by approximately 66,000 gross square feet (GSF). Reduction of surplus space will be addressed while maintaining customer satisfaction, lowering operating costs, reducing the campus footprint, and increasing the federal control of assets. This strategy is documented in PNNL’s 2014 Laboratory Plan