On the Origin of the Outgoing Black Hole Modes

The question of how to account for the outgoing black hole modes without drawing upon a transplanckian reservoir at the horizon is addressed. It is argued that the outgoing modes must arise via conversion from ingoing modes. It is further argued that the back-reaction must be included to avoid the conclusion that particle creation cannot occur in a strictly stationary background. The process of ``mode conversion" is known in plasma physics by this name and in condensed matter physics as ``Andreev reflection" or ``branch conversion". It is illustrated here in a linear Lorentz non-invariant model introduced by Unruh. The role of interactions and a physical short distance cutoff is then examined in the sonic black hole formed with Helium-II.Comment: 12 pages, plain latex, 2 figures included using psfig; Analogy to ``Andreev reflection" in superfluid systems noted, references and acknowledgment added, format changed to shorten tex

LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products

(Abridged) We describe here the most ambitious survey currently planned in the optical, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). A vast array of science will be enabled by a single wide-deep-fast sky survey, and LSST will have unique survey capability in the faint time domain. The LSST design is driven by four main science themes: probing dark energy and dark matter, taking an inventory of the Solar System, exploring the transient optical sky, and mapping the Milky Way. LSST will be a wide-field ground-based system sited at Cerro Pach\'{o}n in northern Chile. The telescope will have an 8.4 m (6.5 m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 deg$^2$ field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera. The standard observing sequence will consist of pairs of 15-second exposures in a given field, with two such visits in each pointing in a given night. With these repeats, the LSST system is capable of imaging about 10,000 square degrees of sky in a single filter in three nights. The typical 5$\sigma$ point-source depth in a single visit in $r$ will be $\sim 24.5$ (AB). The project is in the construction phase and will begin regular survey operations by 2022. The survey area will be contained within 30,000 deg$^2$ with $\delta<+34.5^\circ$, and will be imaged multiple times in six bands, $ugrizy$, covering the wavelength range 320--1050 nm. About 90\% of the observing time will be devoted to a deep-wide-fast survey mode which will uniformly observe a 18,000 deg$^2$ region about 800 times (summed over all six bands) during the anticipated 10 years of operations, and yield a coadded map to $r\sim27.5$. The remaining 10\% of the observing time will be allocated to projects such as a Very Deep and Fast time domain survey. The goal is to make LSST data products, including a relational database of about 32 trillion observations of 40 billion objects, available to the public and scientists around the world.Comment: 57 pages, 32 color figures, version with high-resolution figures available from https://www.lsst.org/overvie

Factors Associated with Revision Surgery after Internal Fixation of Hip Fractures

Background: Femoral neck fractures are associated with high rates of revision surgery after management with internal fixation. Using data from the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) trial evaluating methods of internal fixation in patients with femoral neck fractures, we investigated associations between baseline and surgical factors and the need for revision surgery to promote healing, relieve pain, treat infection or improve function over 24 months postsurgery. Additionally, we investigated factors associated with (1) hardware removal and (2) implant exchange from cancellous screws (CS) or sliding hip screw (SHS) to total hip arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty, or another internal fixation device. Methods: We identified 15 potential factors a priori that may be associated with revision surgery, 7 with hardware removal, and 14 with implant exchange. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses in our investigation. Results: Factors associated with increased risk of revision surgery included: female sex, [hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.50; P = 0.001], higher body mass index (fo

SPR-based single nucleotide mismatch biosensor

The detection and characterization of the hybridization event of 21-base, unlabeled DNA oligonucleotides with a monolayer of complementary DNA immobilized on a gold surface, by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is presented. A thiol modification on the probe DNA strand allowed for its attachment to the surface via self-assembly. For the hybridization of full match target DNA a detection limit of 20 pM was determined. RNA hybridization was also detectable with the same sensor, with a similar detection limit. The SPR signal generated upon hybridization of the full match was always distinguishable from the single mismatch target DNA oligonucleotides when the mismatch was in the middle or at the proximal end of the target DNA sequence. However, the response of the sensor was identical for the hybridization of the full match and the distal end mismatch. The SPR sensor described is reusable over at least 20 hybridization/regeneration cycles and is insensitive to flow rate (20-800 L min -1) or temperature (20-60°C). Based on the SPR response, the surface density of the probe was estimated to be at least 4.3 ¿ 10 12 molecules per cm 2. © 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry.This project was partially supported by the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC) and the Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC) We note that ICx Nomadics (Stillwater, OK, USA) is now ICx Technologies (Arlington, VA, USA).Milkani, E.; Khaing, A.; Morais Ezquerro, SB.; C.R. LAMBERT; W.G. MCGIMPSEY (2011). SPR-based single nucleotide mismatch biosensor. Analytical Methods. 3:122-132. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ay00492hS1221323HapMap, Nature, 2003, 426, 789796R. A. King , J. I.Rotter and A. G.Motulsky, The Genetic Basis of Common Diseases, Oxford Univ. 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J., & Gooding, J. J. (2005). Further development of an electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensor based on long-range electron transfer. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 111-112, 515-521. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2005.03.072Herne, T. M., & Tarlov, M. J. (1997). Characterization of DNA Probes Immobilized on Gold Surfaces. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 119(38), 8916-8920. doi:10.1021/ja9719586Ito, T., Hosokawa, K., & Maeda, M. (2007). Detection of single-base mismatch at distal end of DNA duplex by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 22(8), 1816-1819. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2006.08.008Randles, J. E. B. (1947). Kinetics of rapid electrode reactions. Discussions of the Faraday Society, 1, 11. doi:10.1039/df9470100011Katz, E., & Willner, I. (2003). Probing Biomolecular Interactions at Conductive and Semiconductive Surfaces by Impedance Spectroscopy: Routes to Impedimetric Immunosensors, DNA-Sensors, and Enzyme Biosensors. 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(2003). Sensitive Quantitative Nucleic Acid Detection Using Oligonucleotide Microarrays. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125(26), 7798-7799. doi:10.1021/ja035020

Photoemission electron microscopy for connectomics

Quantum Matter and Optic